Polyiodide binding compounds and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

Polyiodide binding compounds are described herein along with compounds and methods that are useful in brachytherapy. A compound of the present invention may comprise: a polyiodide binding matrix; a protecting group attached to the polyiodide binding matrix optionally via a linker, and optionally a cross-linking moiety attached to the polyiodide binding matrix. Compounds and methods of the present invention may be used for localizing a radioactive compound.

FIELD

The present invention concerns polyiodide binding compounds and methods of use thereof, including use in brachytherapy.

BACKGROUND

Enzyme-triggered reactions, where a spontaneous chemical reaction follows an enzymatic process, are of great interest in the life sciences particularly for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. As a general strategy, a molecule to be released (A) upon action by the target enzyme is protected with a covalently attached enzyme-cleavable ligand PG (A-PG) (FIG. 1).

Recently, there is increasing interest in enzyme-triggered construction of nanostructures in living cells, which constitutes an example of synthetic chemistry in vivo.

For example, in enzyme-instructed self-assembly (EISA), a peptide cleaved by an enzyme assembles to form a hydrogel due to hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen-bonding (FIG. 1, (i)). The cyanobenzothiazole-cysteine (CBT-Cys) click reaction relies on enzyme-triggered covalent-bond formation, where covalent coupling occurs between an enzymatically deprotected cysteine (A) and CBT (B) as an acceptor for the cysteine (FIG. 1, (ii)). Nanostructures that have been prepared using compounds bearing cysteine and CBT moieties include nanorings formed by oligomerization followed by self-assembly and nanocrystals immobilized by cross-linking. Such enzyme-triggered covalent-bond forming reactions remain rare despite extensive development of click chemistry as a potent means for bioconjugation.

Accordingly, new compounds and methods are needed.

SUMMARY

A first aspect of the present invention is directed to a compound comprising: a polyiodide binding matrix; a protecting group attached to the polyiodide binding matrix optionally via a linker; and optionally a cross-linking moiety attached to the polyiodide binding matrix.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method of treating a subject having a solid tumor and/or reducing the size of a solid tumor in a subject, the method comprising: administering a compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix to the subject; and administering a radionuclide to the subject, thereby treating the subject having the solid tumor and/or reducing the size of the solid tumor in the subject. The method may further comprise administering iodide (e.g., iodide free in solution and not covalently bound to any compound) to the subject, optionally wherein iodide is administered after administration of the compound comprising the polyiodide binding matrix.

A further aspect of the present invention is directed to a method of forming a cross-linked compound, the method comprising: contacting a compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix and an enzyme, thereby forming the cross-linked compound.

It is noted that aspects of the invention described with respect to one embodiment, may be incorporated in a different embodiment although not specifically described relative thereto. That is, all embodiments and/or features of any embodiment can be combined in any way and/or combination. Applicant reserves the right to change any originally filed claim and/or file any new claim accordingly, including the right to be able to amend any originally filed claim to depend from and/or incorporate any feature of any other claim or claims although not originally claimed in that manner. These and other objects and/or aspects of the present invention are explained in detail in the specification set forth below. Further features, advantages and details of the present invention will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art from a reading of the figures and the detailed description of the preferred embodiments that follow, such description being merely illustrative of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic showing enzyme-triggered reactions of molecule A protected with a protecting group (PG) (A-PG); (i) shows self-assembly of A; (ii) shows hetero-coupling of A with acceptor B; and (iii) shows homo-coupling of A in the presence of O₂ according to aspects of the present invention.

FIG. 2A is an axial view of a polyiodide binding matrix comprising a helical structure.

FIG. 2B is a circumferential view of the polyiodide binding matrix of FIG. 2A along the axis C.

FIG. 3 is a schematic of depicting cellular processes upon a polyiodide binding compound according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4A is an illustration of a polyiodide binding compound according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4B is an illustration of a polyiodide binding compound according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic showing formation of indigo (4) from indoxyl β-glucoside (1) via indoxyl (2) and tautomer (3).

FIG. 6A is a schematic showing a general structure of β-indoxyl glucosides linked to a chemical/bioconjugatable handle.

FIG. 6B is a schematic showing a general structure of β-indoxyl glucosides attached to a linker and a polyiodide binding matrix.

FIG. 7 is an ORTEP drawing of the single-crystal X-ray structures of (A) 17 and (B) 18. All ellipsoids are contoured at the 50% level.

FIG. 8 shows BCN-dibromoindoxyl 34, which has limited solubility in aqueous buffer.

FIGS. 9A-9C show the results from a study of reaction conditions for the indigoid-forming reaction from 33 with β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium. FIG. 9A shows the effect of pH on the reaction progress [33 (100 μM), enzyme (200 nM), 0.05 M phosphate buffer, n=3]. FIG. 9B shows the effect of the enzyme concentration [33 (100 μM), 0.05 M phosphate buffer, 2 h, n=3]. FIG. 9C shows the effect of the concentration of 33 [enzyme (200 nM), 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7, 0.05 M NaCl), 2 or 14 h, n=3). Yields were determined by absorption spectroscopy of solubilized indigoid dye.

FIG. 10A shows time course of oligomerization with 46 under reaction conditions listed in entry 5 of Table 2.

FIG. 10B is an optical microscopic image (×40) of the precipitate suspended in H₂O.

FIG. 10C shows the DLS analysis of the precipitate suspended in H₂O.

FIG. 10D shows the absorption spectra (normalized at 637 nm) of the precipitate in DMF/DMSO (9:1) (blue), the extracted supernatant in DMF (red), and 43 in DMF (magenta).

FIG. 10E shows the analytical SEC traces for the supernatant and precipitate samples from 300 μM of 46.

FIGS. 11A-11B show a comparison of ¹H NMR spectra (in DMSO-d₆) with FIG. 11A being the spectra of 33, 46, and the precipitate, and FIG. 11B being the spectra of 46, 43, and the precipitate.

FIG. 12 shows the structure of tetrakis(indoxyl)amylose 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is now described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.

As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the present application and relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. All publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of a conflict in terminology, the present specification is controlling.

Also as used herein, “and/or” refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, as well as the lack of combinations when interpreted in the alternative (“or”).

Unless the context indicates otherwise, it is specifically intended that the various features of the invention described herein can be used in any combination. Moreover, the present invention also contemplates that in some embodiments of the invention, any feature or combination of features set forth herein can be excluded or omitted. To illustrate, if the specification states that a complex comprises components A, B and C, it is specifically intended that any of A, B or C, or a combination thereof, can be omitted and disclaimed.

As used herein, the transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” (and grammatical variants) is to be interpreted as encompassing the recited materials or steps “and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s)” of the claimed invention. See, In re Herz, 537 F.2d 549, 551-52, 190 U.S.P.Q. 461, 463 (CCPA 1976) (emphasis in the original); see also MPEP § 2111.03. Thus, the term “consisting essentially of” as used herein should not be interpreted as equivalent to “comprising.”

It will also be understood that, as used herein, the terms “example,” “exemplary,” and grammatical variations thereof are intended to refer to non-limiting examples and/or variant embodiments discussed herein, and are not intended to indicate preference for one or more embodiments discussed herein compared to one or more other embodiments.

The term “about,” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount or concentration and the like, is meant to encompass variations of ±10%, ±5%, 1%, ±0.5%, or even ±0.1% of the specified value as well as the specified value. For example, “about X” where X is the measurable value, is meant to include X as well as variations of 10%, ±5%, ±1%, ±0.5%, or even ±0.1% of X. A range provided herein for a measureable value may include any other range and/or individual value therein.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” as used herein means that the compound, anion, cation, or composition is suitable for administration to a subject to achieve the treatments described herein, without unduly deleterious side effects in light of the severity of the disease and necessity of the treatment.

As used herein, the terms “increase,” “increases,” “increased,” “increasing,” “improve,” “enhance,” and similar terms indicate an elevation in the specified parameter of at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500% or more.

As used herein, the terms “reduce,” “reduces,” “reduced,” “reduction,” “inhibit,” and similar terms refer to a decrease in the specified parameter of at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, or 100%.

Provided according to embodiments of the present invention are polyiodide binding compounds and their methods of use. Compounds and methods of the present invention may be useful in brachytherapy (e.g., molecular brachytherapy) and/or endoradiotherapy. A method of the present invention may selectively create and/or provide in a subject a deposit (e.g., an immobilized deposit) comprising a radiolabeled compound. The deposit may be in and/or adjacent to a tumor and/or cancer cell, and may leave normal tissue relatively untouched and/or substantially free from the effects of a radiolabeled compound. In some embodiments, the deposit may be in tumor extracellular space. “Substantially free” as used herein in reference to the effects of a radiolabeled compound means that cell viability of normal tissue and/or normal cells (e.g., non-cancerous cells) from systemic exposure of the radiolabeled compound is not reduced by more than 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% compared to cell viability of the normal tissue and/or normal cells in the absence of the radiolabeled compound. As those of skill in the art will recognize, due to the bystander effect, there may be some normal tissue(s) and/or normal cell(s) that are damaged and/or are killed due to the effects of the radiolabeled compound. However, according to embodiments of the present invention, systemic exposure of the radiolabeled compound may be minimized. Systemic exposure may be minimized in that only normal tissues and/or normal cells in proximity to cancer cells that are affected by the radiolabeled compound and/or bystander effect may be affected and/or certain tissues and/or cells exposed to the radiolabeled compound due to its presence in circulation (e.g., liver and/or kidney cells) may be adversely affected, damaged and/or killed by the radiolabeled compound. Thus, a method of the present invention may provide a localized and/or targeted delivery of a radiolabeled compound, which may minimize adverse effects (e.g., cell death) on normal cells, particularly those outside the range for the bystander effect. In some embodiments, a method of the present invention provides less adverse effects and/or side effects (e.g., reduced cell damage to normal tissue, reduced normal cell death, reduced pain, reduced bleeding, etc.) than a conventional brachytherapy method. In some embodiments, a method of the present invention comprises administering a compound of the present invention to a subject.

A compound of the present invention may comprise a polyiodide binding matrix and a protecting group attached to the polyiodide binding matrix. A compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix is also referred to interchangeably herein as a polyiodide binding compound. The protecting group may be attached to the polyiodide binding matrix via a linker. One or more linkers may be used to attach a protecting group to the polyiodide binding matrix. In some embodiments, a linker comprises a self-immolative linker. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound comprises a cross-linking moiety attached to the polyiodide binding matrix, optionally via a linker, and a protecting group may be attached to the cross-linking moiety, optionally via a linker.

“Polyiodide binding matrix” as used herein refers to any compound or moiety that binds polyiodide. “Polyiodide” as used herein includes iodine (I₂), I_(n), wherein n is an integer of 3 to 12 and I_(n) may or may not carry a charge such as a −1 or −2 negative charge, a radioiodide isotope, and/or a radical thereof (e.g., I₂ ^(⋅), I_(n) ^(⋅), I_(n) ^(⋅−), etc.). In some embodiments, “polyiodide” refers to iodide atoms in a linear chain, for example, in the form of: I₃ ⁻, I₅ ⁻, I₇ ⁻, I₉ ⁻, and mixtures of these species. In some embodiments, polyiodide species may be formed in equilibrium upon reaction of I and molecular iodine, I₂, (e.g., I⁻+I₂→I₃ ⁻). As one of skill in the art will understand, iodide is simply the monoatomic anion, namely I, but a mixture of iodine (i.e., I₂) and iodide forms multiple species collectively referred to herein as polyiodide, which can be a linear chain of triiodide (I₃ ⁻), pentaiodide (I₅ ⁻), and/or the like. In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding matrix binds and/or sequesters a radioiodide isotope such as ¹³¹I, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, and/or ¹²⁵I. In some embodiments, a method of the present invention localizes and/or deposits a compound of the present invention and/or derivative thereof (e.g., the polyiodide binding matrix) in and/or around a tumor, optionally in tumor extracellular space, and provides a bed or matrix for spontaneous sequestration of a radioiodide isotope (e.g., ¹³¹I).

In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix comprises a polysaccharide. The polysaccharide may be a linear polysaccharide and/or a modified polysaccharide. A modified polysaccharide refers to a polysaccharide for which at least one hydrogen or functional group of the native polysaccharide has been substituted. For example, a modified polysaccharide comprises at least one unit (e.g., sugar moiety such as a glucose unit) that comprises a substituent not present in the native polysaccharide. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix comprises amylose or a derivative thereof, cyclitol, an L-sugar, and/or a non-natural L-sugar. The polyiodide binding matrix (e.g., amylose) may be water-soluble and/or suitable for intravenous injection. In some embodiments, an amylose derivative is a compound in which one or more functional groups have been substituted with a substituent such as an alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy and/or water-solubilizing group. The polyiodide binding matrix may comprise amylose or a derivative thereof having a 6-turn helix (i.e., 6 glucose units per helical turn). The polyiodide binding matrix may comprise one or more anhydroglucose unit(s). In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix comprises at least one anhydroglucose unit (AGU) comprising a protecting group and cross-linking moiety bound to the AGU via a linker. In some embodiments, an AGU comprises a glucose unit having a structure of:

A polyiodide binding matrix may comprise one or more groups that aid in increasing the water solubility of the polyiodide binding matrix. For example, in some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix may comprise a water-solubilizing group such as 1, 2, 3, 4, or more water-solubilizing group(s). Example water-solubilizing groups include, but are not limited to, a phosphoester (phosphate), thiophosphoester (thiophosphate), dithiophosphoester (dithiophosphate), phosphoamidate, thiophosphoamidate, glycoside, glucuronide, and/or peptide. In some embodiment, the polyiodide binding matrix comprises a water-solubilizing group that comprises a sulfate, phosphate, PEG, and/or surfactant (e.g., a cationic and/or anionic surfactant) and/or the polyiodide binding matrix has undergone sulfation and/or phosphorylation. In some embodiments, a hydroxy group of the polyiodide binding matrix has been modified to comprise a water-solubilizing group. In some embodiments, a water-solubilizing group may increase water solubility of the compound and/or decrease enzyme (e.g., amylase such as exo-amylases and/or endo-amylases) digestion.

In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix has an average molecular weight from about 5,000 or 10,000 Da to about 25,000, 50,000, 100,000, 150,000, 200,000, 250,000, 300,000, 350,000, 400,000, 450,000, or 500,000 Da. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix has an average molecular weight of about 5,000, 10,000, 15,000, 25,000, 50,000, 75,000, 100,000, 150,000, 200,000, 250,000, 300,000, 350,000, 400,000, 450,000, or 500,000 Da. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix has an average molecular weight from about 5,000 or 10,000 Da to about 25,000 or 50,000 Da or about 200,000 or 300,000 Da to about 400,000 or 500,000 Da. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix is polydisperse.

The polyiodide binding matrix may comprise a helical structure as shown in FIG. 2A. The helical structure may have a mass per helical turn from about 900 Da to about 1,200 Da. In some embodiments, the helical structure has a mass per helical turn of about 900, 950, 1,000, 1,050, 1,100, 1,150, or 1,200 Da.

The polyiodide binding matrix may have a structure in which it comprises one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) helical turn(s). A “helical turn” as used herein refers to a structure that forms a circle as shown in FIG. 2B when viewed down the helix axis in the direction of C as shown in FIG. 2A, even though the beginning and end portions of the structure forming the helix turn are not directly attached to each other. As can be seen in FIG. 2A, the helix comprises at least 4 helical turns. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix comprises at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 helical turns. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix comprises 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 to 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 helical turns. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 helical turns.

The polyiodide binding matrix may have a loading capacity of about 1 iodide atom per helical turn. As one of skill of art will understand, a polyiodide binding matrix comprising at least 7 helical turns may have a loading capacity sufficient for the polyiodide species I₇ as each of the 7 iodide atoms in I₇ may be encompassed by one of the seven helical turns. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix has a loading capacity of about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 iodide atoms to about 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 iodide atoms. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix has a loading capacity of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 iodide atoms.

According to some embodiments, a polyiodide binding matrix comprises at least one unit having a structure of Formula Ia or Formula Ib:

wherein:

R¹⁰ is O or CRR (e.g., CH₂); and

R is each independently selected from: —H, —OH, alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, carboxy, amino, —O-PG, —O-L1-PG, —O-L1-X-PG, —O—X-L1-PG, and —O-L1-X-L2-PG; and wherein L1 and L2 are each, independently a linker (e.g., a polymer such as PEG or a self-immolative linker), X is a cross-linking moiety, and PG is a protecting group.

In some embodiments, each R in a unit of Formula Ia and/or Formula Ib is hydrogen or —OH. In some embodiments, at least one R in a unit of Formula Ia and/or Formula Ib is selected from: —O-PG, —O-L1-PG, —O-L1-X-PG, —O—X-L1-PG, and —O-L1-X-L2-PG. The polyiodide binding matrix may comprise 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 to about 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, or 20,000 units of Formula Ia and/or Formula Ib. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix comprises about 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 15,000, or 20,000 units of Formula Ia and/or Formula Ib. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix may comprise 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 to about 15, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, or 20,000 units of Formula Ia and/or Formula Ib having at least one R selected from: —O-PG, —O-L1-PG, —O-L1-X-PG, —O—X-L1-PG, and —O-L1-X-L2-PG. The units comprising a —O-PG, —O-L1-PG, —O-L1-X-PG, —O—X-L1-PG, and —O-L1-X-L2-PG group may be in any order along the polyiodide binding matrix backbone. In some embodiments, the units comprising a —O-PG, —O-L1-PG, —O-L1-X-PG, —O—X-L1-PG, and —O-L1-X-L2-PG group may be randomly substituted along the polyiodide binding matrix backbone. In some embodiments, one or more unmodified unit(s) and/or unit(s) in which R is hydrogen or —OH may be between two or more units comprising a —O-PG, —O-L1-PG, —O-L1-X-PG, —O—X-L1-PG, and —O-L1-X-L2-PG.

In some embodiments, R in a unit of Formula Ia and/or Formula Ib is —O-L1-X-PG or —O-L1-X-L2-PG, L1 is a linker that is not a self-immolative linker and is a non-self-immolative linker such as PEG, and X, PG, and L2 are each as defined herein. In some embodiments, R in a unit of Formula Ia and/or Formula Ib is —O—X-L1-PG, L1 is a linker that is a self-immolative linker, and X and PG are each as defined herein. In some embodiments, R in a unit of Formula Ia and/or Formula Ib is —O-L1-X-L2-PG, L1 is a linker that is not a self-immolative linker, L2 is a linker that is a self-immolative linker, and X and PG are each as defined herein. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ in a unit of Formula Ia and/or Formula Ib is CRR, wherein R is as defined herein. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ in a unit of Formula Ia and/or Formula Ib is CH₂. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ in a unit of Formula Ia and/or Formula Ib is oxygen.

In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix comprises a unit having a structure of Formula Ia′ or Formula Ib′:

wherein:

R is —H, —OH, alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, carboxy, amino, —O-PG, —O-L1-PG, —O-L1-X-PG, —O—X-L1-PG, and —O-L1-X-L2-PG; and wherein L1 and L2 are each independent a linker (e.g., a polymer such as PEG or a self-immolative linker), X is a cross-linking moiety, and PG is a protecting group.

In some embodiments, R is —OH in a unit of Formula Ia′ or Formula Ib′. In some embodiments, R is an alkyl, alkoxy, or acyloxy in a unit of Formula Ia′ or Formula Ib′. A unit of Formula Ia′ or Formula Ib′ may be present at a terminus (e.g., the non-reducing terminus) of the polyiodide binding matrix.

In some embodiments, R in a unit of Formula Ia′ and/or Formula Ib′ is —O-L1-X-PG or —O-L1-X-L2-PG, L1 is a linker that is not a self-immolative linker and is a non-self-immolative linker such as PEG, and X, PG, and L2 are each as defined herein. In some embodiments, R in a unit of Formula Ia′ and/or Formula Ib′ is —O—X-L1-PG, L1 is a linker that is a self-immolative linker, and X and PG are each as defined herein. In some embodiments, R in a unit of Formula Ia′ and/or Formula Ib′ is —O-L1-X-L2-PG, L1 is a linker that is not a self-immolative linker, L2 is a linker that is a self-immolative linker, and X and PG are each as defined herein.

Using Formula Ia′ as an example with R being —O-L1-X-L2-PG, a polyiodide binding matrix may comprise a unit having a structure of Formula Ia″:

wherein:

L1 and L2 are each independently a linker as defined herein;

X is a cross-linking moiety as defined herein; and

PG is a protecting group as defined herein.

In some embodiments, X in the compound of Formula Ia″ comprises an indoxyl, PG comprises a sugar (e.g., a glucoside or glucuronide) and L2 comprises a self-immolative linker. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula Ia″ may have a structure of:

wherein:

L1 is a linker as defined herein (e.g., a hydrocarbon or polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted);

X¹ is absent or —O— or —S—;

each R¹ is independently selected from a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —OH, alkoxy, acyloxy, carboxy, carboxylic ester, boronate ester, thioalkoxy, and amino;

R² is independently —CH₂OH or —C(O)OH;

X² is independently —O—, —S—, or a self-immolative linker; and

each n is independently an integer of 1 to 3;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Similarly, using Formula Ib′ as an example with R being —O-L1-X-L2-PG, a polyiodide binding matrix may comprise a unit having a structure of Formula Ib″:

wherein:

L1 and L2 are each independently as defined herein;

X is a cross-linking moiety as defined herein; and

PG is a protecting group as defined herein.

In some embodiments, X in the compound of Formula Ib″ comprises an indoxyl, PG comprises a sugar (e.g., a glucoside or glucuronide) and L2 comprises a self-immolative linker. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula Ib″ may have a structure of:

wherein:

L1 is a linker as defined herein (e.g., a hydrocarbon or polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted);

X¹ is absent or —O— or —S—;

each R¹ is independently selected from a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —OH, alkoxy, acyloxy, carboxy, carboxylic ester, boronate ester, thioalkoxy, and amino;

R² is independently —CH₂OH or —C(O)OH;

X² is independently —O—, —S—, or a self-immolative linker; and

each n is independently an integer of 1 to 3;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound may have a structure of:

wherein:

x is an integer of 1 to 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, or 20;

y is an integer of 1, 10, or 20 to 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, or 800; and

n is an integer of 1, 2, or 3 to 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.

In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound comprises a polyiodide binding matrix attached to a cross-linking moiety and a protecting group, optionally via a linker, and the cross-linking moiety and protecting group may be attached to a terminus (e.g., reducing end or non-reducing end) of the polyiodide binding matrix. In some embodiments, the cross-linking moiety and protecting group are attached to the reducing terminus of the polyiodide binding matrix via a linker. Reductive amination may be used to attach a linker that is covalently bound to a cross-linking moiety and protecting group to the reducing terminus of a polyiodide binding matrix. A polyiodide binding compound may have a structure in which the polyiodide binding matrix is covalently attached to a linker and one or more moieties having a structure of —X-L2-PG may be covalently attached to the linker, wherein X is a cross-linking moiety as described herein, L2 is absent or a linker as described herein, and PG is a protecting group as described herein. The polyiodide binding matrix may comprise a unit having a structure of Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula Ia′, or Formula Ib′ each as described herein. The polyiodide binding matrix may comprise 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 to about 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, or 20,000 units of Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula Ia′, and/or Formula Ib′. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix comprises about 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 15,000, or 20,000 units of Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula Ia′, and/or Formula Ib′. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding matrix may comprise 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 to about 15, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, or 20,000 units of Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula Ia′, and/or Formula Ib′. The polyiodide binding compound may comprise one or more moieties (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more) having a structure of —X-L2-PG as described herein. In some embodiments, X comprises an indoxyl, PG comprises a sugar (e.g., a glucoside or glucuronide) and L2 is absent or a linker. The polyiodide binding compound may include at least one unit (e.g., an anhydroglucose unit) of the polyiodide binding matrix that includes at least one moiety having a structure of —X-L2-PG, wherein X is a cross-linking moiety as described herein, L2 is absent or a linker as described herein, and PG is a protecting group as described herein, and —X-L2-PG may be attached at a 2-hydroxy group of the at least one unit (e.g., to provide a —O—X-L2-PG group).

A compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix may comprise one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) protecting groups. In some embodiments, a protecting group protects the compound from enzymatic degradation (e.g., sugar-digesting enzymes (e.g., amylases) and/or deglycosylation). A protecting group may be directly attached to the polyiodide binding matrix (such as to a functional group of the polyiodide binding matrix and/or the polyiodide binding matrix may be substituted with a protecting group) and/or a protecting group may be attached to the polyiodide binding matrix via a linker.

Exemplary linkers (also referred to herein interchangeably as a linking moiety, “L”, “L1”, “L2,” or “L₁”) include, but are not limited to, an atom (e.g., an oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atom that is optionally substituted), a hydrocarbon moiety, a peptoid moiety, an amino acid (e.g., lysine), an oligoethylene glycol group, 1,3,5-triazine, 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene, self-immolative linkers, and/or a polyethylene glycol (PEG) group, each of which may be optionally substituted and/or attached to another linker. In some embodiments, the linker may be a linear or branched hydrocarbon moiety (e.g., an alkyl moiety) and/or a carrier protein. The linker may be multivalent. In some embodiments, a linker is covalently attached to a targeting agent (e.g., a cancer targeting agent), a circulation enhancing agent, a water-solubilizing group, and/or one or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) moieties having a structure of —X-L2-PG, wherein X is a cross-linking moiety as described herein, L2 is absent or a linker as described herein, and PG is a protecting group as described herein. Further example linkers are shown in Scheme I.

Another exemplary linker has the structure:

wherein:

A is a linking moiety (e.g., a nitrogen atom, an aryl, or a heteroaryl);

each r is independently an integer of 0 to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, or 100.

In some embodiments, A in the above structure is a trivalent moiety such as, but not limited to, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine, melamine, cyanuric chloride, phloroglucinol, 1,3,5-tricarboxybenzene (trimesic acid), 1,3,5-triaminobenzene, tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane, tris(4-carboxyphenyl)methane, tris(4-aminophenyl)methane, and homologues thereof.

In some embodiments, a protecting group is attached to a cross-linking moiety, optionally via a linker, and the cross-linking moiety, optionally via a linker, is attached to the polyiodide binding matrix, thereby the cross-linking moiety is protected by the protecting group. When the protecting group is removed from the compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix, then the cross-linking moiety may available for cross-linking. A protecting group may be configured to cleave and/or may be cleaved from the compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix in vivo in extracellular space (e.g., the extracellular space of a tumor) and/or in a cell (e.g., a cancer cell), optionally wherein the protecting group cleaves from the compound in vivo in a lysosome of the cell. A cross-linking moiety of the compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix may and/or may be configured to cross-link in situ in tumor extracellular space and/or in a cell (e.g., a cancer cell). In some embodiments, cross-linking of one or more cross-linking moieties of the compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix precipitates and/or deposits the compound in the cell and/or tumor extracellular space.

The compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix may comprise one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more) cross-linking moieties. In some embodiments, the compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix comprises at least two protecting groups and at least two cross-linking moieties. The number of protecting groups and the number of cross-linking moieties may be the same or different. In some embodiments, the compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix comprises the same number of cross-linking moieties as it does protecting groups, and each protecting group may be attached to a respective cross-linking moiety, optionally via a linker, to protect that cross-linking moiety and/or prevent cross-linking until a given time (e.g., upon cleavage of the protecting group in tumor extracellular space). In some embodiments, a cross-linking moiety may comprise an indoxyl.

The number of protecting groups and/or cross-linking moieties may be at least 1 to 20 or more (e.g., 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more). The protecting groups and/or cross-linking moieties may be designed and/or configured to cause the polyiodide binding matrix to be rapidly and/or irreversibly deposited. In some embodiments, deposited polyiodide binding matrix may be such that small molecules can gain access to the binding site, large molecules such as, e.g., sugar-digesting enzymes (e.g., amylases and/or glucosidases), are precluded, and/or the matrix is immobile or substantially immobile. In some embodiments, the deposit may be water-insoluble. In some embodiments, the deposit may comprise a polyiodide binding matrix having a structure comprising at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more) helical turn(s).

In some embodiments, a protecting group of the compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix may be a group that is cleaved by one or more endogenous enzymes such as one or more endogenous enzymes in circulation, extracellular space (e.g., tumor extracellular space) and/or in a lysosome of a cell. Example groups that may be cleaved and/or protecting groups include, but are not limited to, amide groups, phosphoester groups, sulfoester groups, glycosyl groups, glucosides, glucuronides, groups that are labile to peroxidases, and/or groups that are known as self-immolative linkers. In some embodiments, the protecting group comprises a sugar (e.g., a glucoside or glucuronide), a phosphate (e.g., a phosphoester group), or a sulfur (e.g., a sulfoester group). Such groups can conveniently be attached using standard techniques of bioconjugation such as, e.g., to a hydroxy group of the polyiodide binding matrix or an aldehyde moiety of the reductive terminus on the polyiodide binding matrix (e.g., amylose). Removal of a protecting group (PG) by native enzymatic action can reveal one or more cross-linking moieties, which may undergo self-reaction to create a deposit comprising the polyiodide binding matrix or a derivative thereof.

According to embodiments of the present invention, a cross-linking moiety may be unprotected and/or unveiled upon reaching a tumor cell and/or undergoing intracellular processing. The deposit comprising the polyiodide binding matrix that may be formed upon native-enzyme cleavage of the protecting groups (PG) may be largely linear and/or 3-dimensional depending on the number of cross-linking and/or protecting groups in the compound comprising the polyiodide binding matrix. As shown in FIG. 3, a polyiodide binding compound of the present invention may be non-digestible and/or water-soluble and may optionally comprise a cancer targeting agent. Upon action of cellular processes, such as enzymatic cleavage of one or more protecting groups attached to the polyiodide binding compound, the compound may be cross-linked and/or deposited as a non-digestible, substantially immobile deposit comprising the polyiodide binding matrix as shown in FIG. 3.

In some embodiments, the protecting group is a glucuronide. In some embodiments, the protecting group is a glucoside. Example protecting groups include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Application Ser. No. 62/878,361, filed on Jul. 25, 2019, and entitled “Cross-linking Compounds and Methods of Use Thereof”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, at least one unit (e.g., an anhydroglucose unit) of the polyiodide binding matrix comprises a protecting group. A protecting group and/or cross-linking moiety may be attached to the polyiodide binding matrix via a linker. In some embodiments, a protecting group and a cross-linking moiety are each attached to the polyiodide binding matrix via the linker. The cross-linking moiety may comprise an indoxyl. In some embodiments, the protecting group comprises a sugar (e.g., a glucuronide or glucoside). The cross-linking moiety and protecting group may be attached to each other via an oxygen atom, sulfur atom, or linker. In some embodiments, the linker attaching the cross-linking moiety and protecting group is a self-immolative linker.

According to some embodiments, one or more unit(s) (e.g., anhydroglucose unit(s)) of a polyiodide binding matrix of a polyiodide binding compound of the present invention may comprise a group having a structure of —O-L1-X-L2-PG, wherein L1 is absent or a linker, X is absent or a cross-linking moiety, L2 is absent or a linker, and PG is a protecting group. L1 and L2 may be the same or different, and L1, X, and L2 are each independently present or absent. Derivatization of the polyiodide binding compound with the —O-L1-X-L2-PG group may be less than about 35% (i.e., molar substitution of 0.35), 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 1%. In some embodiments, derivatization of the polyiodide binding compound with the —O-L1-X-L2-PG group is about 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, or 35%. In some embodiments, derivatization of the polyiodide binding compound with the —O-L1-X-L2-PG group is about 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, or 15% to about 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, or 35%. In some embodiments, derivatization of the polyiodide binding compound with the —O-L1-X-L2-PG group is about 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.1%, 1%, or 2% to about 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, or 35%. In some embodiments, the unit having the structure —O-L1-X-L2-PG may be present at a 2-hydroxy group of a unit of the polyiodide binding matrix. The cross-linking moiety may comprise an indoxyl and/or the linker may be selected from an alkyl, PEG, alkylaryl, and/or a self-immolative linker.

A polyiodide binding compound may have a structure of Formula IIa or Formula IIb:

wherein:

Z is a polyiodide binding matrix (e.g., amylose);

L is a linker (e.g., a hydrocarbon or polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted);

X¹, if present, is absent or —O— or —S—;

Q is absent or is each independently a targeting agent, water-solubilizing agent, or a circulation enhancing agent;

each R¹ is independently selected from a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —OH, alkoxy, acyloxy, carboxy, carboxylic ester, boronate ester, thioalkoxy, and amino;

each R² is independently —CH₂OH or —C(O)OH;

each X² is independently —O—, —S—, or a self-immolative linker;

each n is independently an integer of 1 to 4;

p is an integer of 1 to 6; and

b is an integer of 0 to 6;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In the compound of Formula IIa, the moiety to which p applies has the structure of:

wherein R¹, R², X¹, X², p, and n are each as defined herein. When p in the compound of Formula IIa is an integer of 2 to 6, each of the moieties to which p applies may be separately attached to the same atom or a different atom in the linker, L, (e.g., a multivalent linker) as defined herein. In some embodiments, in the compound of Formula IIa, two or more moieties to which p applies are attached to the same atom in the linker, L. In some embodiments, in the compound of Formula IIa, two or more moieties to which p applies are attached to different atoms in the linker, L. Similarly, when b in the compound of Formula Ha is an integer of 2 to 6, each Q may be separately attached to the same atom or a different atom in the linker, L, (e.g., a multivalent linker) as defined herein. In some embodiments, in the compound of Formula IIa, two or more Q are attached to the same atom in the linker, L. In some embodiments, in the compound of Formula IIa, two or more Q are attached to different atoms in the linker, L. The same atom or two or more different atoms in the linker, L, of the compound of Formula IIa may be attached to Q, Z, and/or one or more moieties to which p applies.

In the compound of Formula IIb, the moiety to which p applies has the structure of:

wherein R¹, R², X², p, and n are each as defined herein. When p in the compound of Formula IIb is an integer of 2 to 6, each of the moieties to which p applies may be separately attached to the same atom or a different atom in the linker, L, (e.g., a multivalent linker) as defined herein. In some embodiments, in the compound of Formula IIb, two or more moieties to which p applies are attached to the same atom in the linker, L. In some embodiments, in the compound of Formula IIb, two or more moieties to which p applies are attached to different atoms in the linker, L. Similarly, when b in the compound of Formula IIb is an integer of 2 to 6, each Q may be separately attached to the same atom or a different atom in the linker, L, (e.g., a multivalent linker) as defined herein. In some embodiments, in the compound of Formula IIb, two or more Q are attached to the same atom in the linker, L.

In some embodiments, in the compound of Formula IIb, two or more Q are attached to different atoms in the linker, L. The same atom or two or more different atoms in the linker, L, of the compound of Formula IIb may be attached to Q, Z, and/or one or more moieties to which p applies.

Exemplary self-immolative linkers include, but are not limited to, those described in “Self-Immolative Spacers: Kinetic Aspects, Structure-Property Relationships, and Applications,” Ahmed Alouane, Raphael Labruere, Thomas Le Saux, Frederic Schmidt, and Ludovic Jullien, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7492-7509 and “Self-immolative Chemistry in Nanomedicine,” M. Gisbert-Garzaran, M. Manzano, M. Vallet-Regi, Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 340, 24-31. In some embodiments, a self-immolative linker comprises a moiety having the structure:

wherein:

R¹⁰ is H, NH₂, NCH₃, or NO₂;

R¹¹ is —O— or —N(CH₃)—; and

X³ is each independently —O— or —S—.

In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound comprises a targeting agent such as a cancer cell targeting agent (e.g., transferrin). The targeting agent may be present at a terminus (e.g., one or both) of the polyiodide binding matrix and/or may be attached to a linker that is covalently attached to the polyiodide binding matrix. Any suitable targeting agent may be used in the present invention. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound comprises a targeting agent (e.g., a cancer cell targeting agent) that binds to and/or targets an endocytosing receptor or other internalizing unit on a cell (e.g., a cancer cell), and the endocytosing receptor or other internalizing unit may be overexpressed in diseased cells (e.g., cancer cells) relative to normal cells. In some embodiments, the targeting agent is any agent or compound that directs the polyiodide binding compound to a given or target cellular destination such as a cancer cell and/or tumor extracellular space. In some embodiments, the targeting agent directs the polyiodide binding compound from outside a cell (e.g., a cancer cell) across and through the plasma membrane of the cell, into the cytoplasm of the cell, and optionally into a cell organelle (e.g., the lysosome of the cell). Example targeting agents include, but are not limited to, polypeptides such as antibodies; viral proteins such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 TAT protein or VP22; cell surface ligands; peptides such as peptide hormones; and/or small molecules such as hormones or folic acid. Further example targeting agents include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,807,136 and 7,615,221. In some embodiments, an agent to which a cancer cell targeting agent binds (e.g., a receptor) is expressed on cancer cells at a concentration that is greater than non-cancerous cells such as, for example, at a concentration that is about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10-fold higher or more.

In some embodiments, all or a portion of the polyiodide binding compound may be and/or may be configured to be internalized into a cell (e.g., a cancer cell). At least a portion of the polyiodide binding compound including the polyiodide binding matrix may be internalized into a cell (e.g., a cancer cell).

In some embodiments, a protecting group of a polyiodide binding compound is an enzymatically cleavable protecting group, which may be cleaved in vivo, such as, e.g., in tumor extracellular space and/or in the lysosome of a cancer cell. Enzymes that may cleave and/or remove a protecting group from a polyiodide binding compound include, but are not limited to, phosphatases, sulfatases, glucosidases, galactosidases, galacturonidases, and/or glucuronidases. In some embodiments, a glucuronidase may enzymatically cleave a protecting group of a polyiodide binding compound of the present invention. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound comprises an enzymatically cleavable group that can be cleaved by an enzyme that is present at a concentration in tumor extracellular space that is greater than the concentration of the enzyme in extracellular space of non-cancerous cells.

Upon cleavage of the protecting group, an exposed cross-linking moiety may engage in cross-linking in situ, thereby affording and/or providing a matrix comprising the polyiodide binding matrix of the polyiodide binding compound. This matrix is also referred to herein as a deposit or as a derivative of the polyiodide binding compound. Cleavage of the protecting group by one or more enzyme(s) present in extracellular space and/or in a cell (e.g., in the lysosome) can cause immobilization of the matrix in the extracellular space and/or inside the cell (e.g., a cancer cell), thereby providing an immobilized matrix. “Immobilized matrix” as used herein in reference to a matrix comprising a polyiodide binding matrix optionally with one or more of the cross-linking moieties cross-linked, refers to the matrix being in a form and/or having a size that does not allow for a majority of the matrix to move from the extracellular space. In some embodiments, the immobilized matrix is not freely diffusible from the extracellular space and/or is substantially or completely immobile and/or retained in the extracellular space. “Substantially” as used herein in reference to a compound or matrix being immobile or retained in a given location (e.g., inside a cell) means that less than 10% (e.g., less than about 5%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.01%) of the compound or matrix can move to a different location (e.g., outside the extracellular space). In some embodiments, an immobilized matrix is insoluble or has a low solubility in extracellular space and/or inside a cell and/or a component thereof and/or an immobilized matrix is precipitated in extracellular space and/or inside a cell and/or a component thereof. Insolubility or reduced solubility compared to a different form is one way to create immobility.

A polyiodide binding compound may comprise a circulation enhancing agent. The circulation enhancing agent may be present at a terminus (e.g., one or both) of the polyiodide binding matrix and/or may be attached to a linker that is covalently attached to the polyiodide binding matrix. Exemplary circulation enhancing agents include, but are not limited to, human serum albumin and/or a polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG).

Referring now to FIG. 4A, in some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound comprises a polyiodide binding matrix that comprises: one or more unmodified AGUs, wherein the number of unmodified AGUs is m and m is an integer of 1 to 20,000; one or more AGUs comprising a —O-L1-X-L2-PG group, wherein L1 is absent or a linker, X is absent or a cross-linking moiety, L2 is absent or a linker, and PG is a protecting group, wherein the number of AGUs comprising a —O-L1-X-L2-PG group is n and n is an integer of 1 to 20,000; a modified terminal unit (e.g., a unit comprising an alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy at the 2-position of the unit); and Q wherein Q is a targeting agent (e.g., cancer targeting agent), water-solubilizing group, and/or a circulation enhancing agent. L1 and L2 may be the same or different, and L1, X, and L2 are each independently present or absent. The unmodified AGUs and AGUs comprising a —O-L1-X-L2-PG group may be in any order and are shown for simplicity in a consecutive sequence in FIG. 4A. Further, as one of skill in the art will readily recognize, the polyiodide binding matrix shown in FIG. 4A is depicted as a linear structure for simplicity, but the polyiodide binding matrix may be branched. For example, amylose may be mostly linear but slightly branched (e.g., about 1% or less branching points) and amylopectin may have a greater number of branching points than amylose.

In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound comprises amylose and at least one anhydroglucose unit of the amylose comprises a —O-L1-X-L2-PG group, wherein L1 is absent or a linker, X is absent or a cross-linking moiety, L2 is absent or a linker, and PG is a protecting group. L1 and L2 may be the same or different, and L1, X, and L2 are each independently present or absent. Amylose may have a molecular weight of about 10,000 Da to about 30,000, 50,000, 100,000, 250,000, 350,000, or 500,000 Da. An AGU may comprise 1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 50, 100, or more —O-L1-X-L2-PG group(s). The —O-L1-X-L2-PG group may comprise a linker and, in some embodiments, comprises L1 and/or L2. In some embodiments, the 2-hydroxy group of an AGU of amylose is substituted with a —O-L1-X-L2-PG group. Upon enzymatic cleavage of the protecting group, the cross-linking moiety is unveiled and may cross-link with another cross-linking moiety, thereby forming a deposit comprising amylose. One or more units of the amylose may comprise a targeting agent (e.g., cancer cell targeting agent), water-solubilizing group, and/or a circulation enhancing agent. In some embodiments, at least one end of the amylose comprises a targeting agent, water-solubilizing group, and/or a circulation enhancing agent. In some embodiments, PG is a glucuronide, which is cleaved by a glucuronidase, X is an indoxyl, the cross-linking of which gives an indigo moiety, and/or L1 and/or L2 may be an alkyl, PEG, alkylaryl and/or self-immolative linker. In some embodiments, L2 is a self-immolative linker. The self-immolative linker may be joined to the indoxyl and/or glucuronide via an O or S of the self-immolative linker. In some embodiments, an AGU of amylose comprises one or more —O-L1-X-L2-PG group(s) and L1 is absent or a linker that is a non-self-immolative linker (i.e., a linker that not a self-immolative linker), optionally wherein L1 is a PEG, L2 is present and is optionally a self-immolative linker, and X and PG are each as defined herein. In some embodiments, an AGU of amylose comprises one or more —O-L1-X-L2-PG group(s) and L1 is absent, L2 is present and is optionally L2 a self-immolative linker, and X and PG are each as defined herein. In some embodiments, an AGU of amylose comprises one or more —O-L1-X-L2-PG group(s) and L1 is a non-self-immolative linker (i.e., a linker that not a self-immolative linker), optionally wherein L1 is a PEG, L2 is present and is optionally a self-immolative linker, and X and PG are each as defined herein.

Referring now to FIG. 4B, in some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound comprises a polyiodide binding matrix that comprises: one or more unmodified AGUs, wherein the number of unmodified AGUs is m and m is an integer of 1 to 20,000; optionally one or more AGUs comprising a —O-L1-X-L2-PG group, wherein L1 is absent or a linker, X is absent or a cross-linking moiety, L2 is absent or a linker, and PG is a protecting group, wherein the number of AGUs comprising a —O-L1-X-L2-PG group is n and n is an integer of 0 to 20,000; a modified terminal unit (e.g., a unit comprising an alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy at the 2-position of the unit); and at the reducing end of the polyiodide matrix a -L1(Q)_(b)(X-L2-PG)_(p) group, wherein each Q is independently a targeting agent (e.g., a cancer targeting agent), water-solubilizing group, and/or a circulation enhancing agent, b is an integer of 0 to 6, X is a cross-linking moiety, L2 is absent or a linker, PG is a protecting group, and p is an integer of 0 to 6. L1 and L2 may be the same or different, and L1, X, and L2 are each independently present or absent. The unmodified AGUs and AGUs comprising a —O-L1-X-L2-PG group may be in any order and are shown for simplicity in a consecutive sequence in FIG. 4B.

Further, as one of skill in the art will readily recognize, the polyiodide binding matrix shown in FIG. 4B is depicted as a linear structure for simplicity, but the polyiodide binding matrix may be branched. For example, amylose may be mostly linear but slightly branched (e.g., about 1% or less branching points) and amylopectin may have a greater number of branching points than amylose.

In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound comprises amylose that has been modified to impart resistance toward amylase. For example, the 2-position of an AGU of amylose may be modified to provide an alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy at the 2-position and/or hydroxyl groups of an AGU may be acetylated.

In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound comprises amylose that includes a modified glucose residue at the non-reducing terminus. The modified glucose residue may be installed by enzymatic polymerization using an α-1→4-D-glucan phosphorylase such as described in O'Neill and Field, Carbohydr. Res. 2015, 403, 23-37. In some embodiments, the modified glucose residue may comprise an ethyne and/or azide, which would enable attachment via click chemistry of a bulky group (e.g., one that suppresses binding of 7-amylase). In some embodiments, in the absence of a blocking terminal unit, the 7-amylase may process the amylose chains until reaching an AGU bearing a —O-L1-X-L2-PG group.

In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound comprises cyclitol, which may reduce enzymatic degradation compared to amylose. In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound comprises an L-sugar, which may reduce enzymatic degradation compared to amylose.

In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound comprises amylose and at least one anhydroglucose unit of the amylose comprises a —O-L1-X-L2-PG group, wherein L1 is absent or a linker, X is absent or a cross-linking moiety, L2 is absent or a linker, and PG is a protecting group. L1 and L2 may be the same or different, and L1, X, and L2 are each independently present or absent. Amylose may have a molecular weight of about 10,000 Da to about 30,000, 50,000, 100,000, 250,000, 350,000, or 500,000 Da. Human serum albumin may be attached (e.g., via reductive amination) at the reducing end of the amylose chain, optionally via maleimide—thiol attachment given the single cysteine thiol in human serum albumin. The amylose may have a molar substitution for the —O-L1-X-L2-PG group of about 0.03 to about 0.15. In some embodiments, the L1 is a PEG group, which may optionally be attached via alkylation preferentially to the 2-hydroxy group of an AGU, X is a dibromoindoxyl unit, PG is a glucuronide, and/or L2 is a self-immolative linker or is absent.

In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound comprises amylose and the reducing end of the amylose is covalently attached to a -L1(Q)_(b)(X-L2-PG)_(p) group, wherein each Q is independently a targeting agent (e.g., a cancer targeting agent), water-solubilizing group, and/or a circulation enhancing agent, b is an integer of 0 to 6, X is a cross-linking moiety, L2 is absent or a linker, PG is a protecting group, and p is an integer of 0 to 6. L1 and L2 may be the same or different, and L1, X, and L2 are each independently present or absent. Amylose may have a molecular weight of about 10,000 Da to about 30,000, 50,000, 100,000, 250,000, 350,000, or 500,000 Da. In some embodiments, the L1 is a multivalent linker (e.g., comprises one or more PEG groups), X is a dibromoindoxyl unit, PG is a glucuronide, and/or L2 is a linker or is absent. An exemplary structure for the polyiodide binding compound is shown in FIG. 6B.

A polyiodide binding compound may have a structure of Formula III:

wherein:

A is a linker (e.g., a nitrogen atom, an aryl, or a heteroaryl);

each R³ is independently hydrogen, a polyiodide binding matrix as described herein, a moiety having a structure of Formula IIa′ as described herein, a moiety having a structure of Formula IIb′ as described herein, a targeting agent as described herein, a water-solubilizing agent as described herein, or a circulation enhancing agent as described herein; and each r is independently an integer of 0 to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, or 100.

In some embodiments, A of the compound of Formula III is a trivalent moiety such as, but not limited to, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine, melamine, cyanuric chloride, phloroglucinol, 1,3,5-tricarboxybenzene (trimesic acid), 1,3,5-triaminobenzene, tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane, tris(4-carboxyphenyl)methane, tris(4-aminophenyl)methane, and homologues thereof. In some embodiments, A of the compound of Formula III is nitrogen. In some embodiments, at least one R³ of the compound of Formula III is a polyiodide binding matrix and/or at least two R³ of the compound of Formula III are a moiety having a structure of Formula IIa′ or Formula IIb′. In some embodiments, at least one R³ of the compound of Formula III is a targeting agent as described herein, a water-solubilizing agent as described herein, or a circulation enhancing agent as described herein.

A polyiodide binding compound may have a structure of Formula IV:

wherein:

A is a linker (e.g., a nitrogen atom, an aryl, or a heteroaryl);

R⁶ is a hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, —OH, carboxy, amino, -PG, -L1-PG, -L1-X-PG, —X-L1-PG, and —O-L1-X-L2-PG, wherein L1 and L2 are each, independently a linker (e.g., a polymer such as PEG or a self-immolative linker), X is a cross-linking moiety, and PG is a protecting group;

R⁴ is a moiety having a structure of Formula Ia or Formula Ib:

R¹⁰ is O or CRR (e.g., CH₂);

each R is independently selected from: —H, —OH, alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, carboxy, amino, —O-PG, —O-L3-PG, —O-L3-X-PG, —O—X-L3-PG, and —O-L3-X-L2-PG, wherein L3 and L2 are each independently absent or a linker as described herein, X is a crosslinking moiety as described herein, and PG is a protecting group as described herein;

each R⁵ is independently hydrogen, a moiety having a structure of Formula IIa′, a moiety having a structure of Formula IIb′, a targeting agent, a water-solubilizing group, or a circulation enhancing agent,

each R¹ is independently selected from a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —OH, alkoxy, acyloxy, carboxy, carboxylic ester, boronate ester, thioalkoxy, and amino;

each R² is independently —CH₂OH or —C(O)OH;

each X¹ is absent or is —O— or —S—;

each X² is independently —O—, —S—, or a self-immolative linker;

each n is independently an integer of 1 to 4;

each r is independently an integer of 0 to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, or 100; and

d is an integer of 1 to 20,000.

In some embodiments, A of the compound of Formula IV is a trivalent moiety such as, but not limited to, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine, melamine, cyanuric chloride, phloroglucinol, 1,3,5-tricarboxybenzene (trimesic acid), 1,3,5-triaminobenzene, tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane, tris(4-carboxyphenyl)methane, tris(4-aminophenyl)methane, and homologues thereof. In some embodiments, A of the compound of Formula III is nitrogen.

In some embodiments, a method of the present invention provides a strategy for self-amplifying molecular brachytherapy wherein a radioactive substance is selectively accumulated in the confines of a tumor and/or tumor extracellular space (ECS). A method of the present invention may provide a deposit (e.g., a bed or matrix) comprising a polyiodide binding matrix (e.g., amylose), which may sequester iodide, typically ¹³¹I, from circulation of a subject.

According to some embodiments of the present invention provided is a method of treating a subject having a solid tumor and/or reducing the size of a solid tumor in a subject, the method comprising: administering a compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix to the subject; and administering a radionuclide to the subject, thereby treating the subject having the solid tumor and/or reducing the size the solid tumor in the subject.

A method of the present invention may have the advantage of selectivity for cancer cells compared to normal cells. The deposit/matrix in the tumor ECS is exposed to the radionuclide, which results in deposition of a radiolabeled entity in an immobile or substantially immobile form in the tumor ECS. The approach thus affords brachytherapy at the molecular scale given that the radiolabeled entity is deposited throughout the tumor ECS. The resulting overlapping radiation fields are expected to kill at least a majority (e.g., at about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) or all (i.e., 100%) of the cells in a tumor.

The polyiodide binding compound may be administered prior to the radionuclide. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound and radionuclide may be administered in succession with the polyiodide binding compound being administered prior to the radionuclide. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound and the radionuclide are administered concurrently. The polyiodide binding compound and radionuclide may be administered in the same composition or in separate compositions.

In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound may be administered to the subject about 1 day to about 14 days prior to the radionuclide such as, e.g., about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days prior to the radionuclide. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound may be administered to the subject on the same day as the radionuclide.

A method of the present invention may be carried out over about 1 day to about 14 days or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks. In some embodiments, administration of a polyiodide binding compound and a radionuclide to a subject may be completed within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days. In some embodiments, one or more steps of a method of the present invention may be repeated (e.g., one or more administrations of a polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide), optionally at the same time as one or more steps and/or at a point in time that is different than one or more steps.

Any suitable method of administration may be used to administer the polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide to the subject. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide may be administered to the subject intravenously (e.g., as intravenous infusions), optionally as two or more separate intravenous infusions. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide may be administered to the subject orally. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide may be administered to the subject by injection, optionally directly into a tumor and/or as two or more separate injections. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound and radionuclide are administered to a subject separately (e.g., as a separate intravenous infusion). In some embodiments, a composition comprising the polyiodide binding compound and radionuclide may be administered to the subject. In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide may be administered to the subject via bolus or continuous infusion.

In some embodiments, the polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide may be administered in conjunction with a radiosensitizer. A “radiosensitizer” as used herein refers to an agent that increases the sensitivity of one or more cancer cell(s) to radiation. In some embodiments, the radionuclide may be administered in conjunction with a radiosensitizer. In some embodiments, a radiosensitizer may be administered to a subject in the same composition as the polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide. In some embodiments, a radiosensitizer may be simultaneously and/or concurrently administered to a subject with a polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide.

A method of the present invention may comprise generating radiation fields that span a plurality of cancer cells in a subject, and the radiation fields may minimally contact and/or reach to normal cells (e.g., less than about 20%). In some embodiments, a method of the present invention may comprise generating overlapping radiation fields in the subject. The overlapping radiation fields may be localized in the area of the cancer cells and/or solid tumor in the subject. In some embodiments, responsive to administering a radionuclide and/or radiation therapy to the subject, a plurality of cancer cells in the subject are lysed and/or killed. “Radiation therapy” and “radiotherapy” are used interchangeably herein and refer to accumulation of a radionuclide and/or derivative thereof in an amount sufficient to kill and/or lyse a cell (e.g., cancer cell) in a subject. Accumulation of a sufficient amount of the radionuclide and/or derivative thereof can provide localized radiotherapy in a subject (e.g., at the location of a tumor and/or micrometastasis in the subject). In some embodiments, a low dose of the radionuclide may be administered to a subject, which may reduce systemic exposure and/or side effects to the subject, and a method of the present invention may provide for the localized accumulation of the radionuclide and/or derivative thereof in the vicinity of cancer cells (e.g., in tumor extracellular space and/or at micrometastases). A radionuclide (e.g., ¹³¹I) may be administered to a subject and/or to a solid tumor at a concentration of at least 20 nM, 50 nM, or 100 nM. In some embodiments, a radionuclide (e.g., ¹³¹I) may be administered to a subject and/or to a solid tumor at a concentration of about 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 nM to about 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 nM. In some embodiments, a radionuclide comprises ¹³¹I as a sodium or potassium salt. In some embodiments, a subject may be administered a saturating dose of cold (non-radioactive) iodine one or more days prior to administration a polyiodide binding compound and/or radioiodide.

According to some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound may be administered to a subject via intravenous administration and immobilized in and/or around a tumor. The polyiodide binding compound may cross-link and/or deposit in the tumor extracellular space, and the cross-linking may be triggered by native glucuronidases. The cross-linked compound may provide a deposit of polyiodide binding units (e.g., amylose units) to which iodide (e.g., ¹³¹I) can bind. The 3-dimensional nature of the deposit may crimp amylase cleavage processes by steric means. Despite the 3-dimensional nature of the deposit, iodide may have access to the polyiodide units, optionally iodide may access the center cavity of a helix (e.g., a helical amylose segment) upon diffusion from the surrounding circulation. In this manner, the cross-linked compound comprising the polyiodide binding matrix may serve as a reservoir for the spontaneous accumulation of iodide.

A radionuclide may be administered to the subject orally and/or intravenously, and the radionuclide may be bound and/or sequestered non-covalently in and/or to the polyiodide binding matrix (e.g., a helix of the polyiodide binding matrix). A method of the present invention may provide an autocatalytic phenomenon wherein the more cellular damage caused by the radioiodide, the more radioiodide will accumulate in the tumor microenvironment.

In some embodiments, a method of the present invention comprises administering an amylase inhibitor to the subject. The amylase inhibitor may be administered prior to and/or contemporaneously with a polyiodide binding compound. In some embodiments, the amylase inhibitor may be administered to a subject after administration of a polyiodide binding compound. The amylase inhibitor may be a starch blocker, which may suppress uptake of starch from the gastrointestinal tract and/or may inhibit amylase directly. An amylase inhibitor may be administered intravenously to suppress amylase activity in the serum and/or tumor extracellular space. An example amylase inhibitor includes, but is not limited to, miglitol, which is available in tablet form under the trade name of Glyset®.

According to some embodiments provided are compositions such as, e.g., pharmaceutical compositions. A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention (e.g., a polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide as described herein) in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutical carriers suitable for administration of a compound of the present invention include any such carriers known to those skilled in the art to be suitable for the particular mode of administration. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is a composition as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,807,136 and 7,615,221 with the active ingredient replaced with a compound of the present invention as the active ingredient.

In some embodiments, a compound of the present invention (i.e., active ingredient) may be formulated as the sole pharmaceutically active ingredient in the composition or may be combined with other active ingredients.

A composition of the present invention may comprise one or more compounds of the present invention. In some embodiments, the compounds may be formulated into suitable pharmaceutical preparations such as solutions, suspensions, tablets, dispersible tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations or elixirs, for oral administration or in sterile solutions or suspensions for parenteral administration, as well as transdermal patch preparation and dry powder inhalers. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions using techniques and procedures well known in the art (see, e.g., Ansel, Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Fourth Edition 1985, 126).

In the compositions, effective concentrations of one or more compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof may be (are) mixed with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. The compounds may be derivatized as the corresponding salts, esters, enol ethers or esters, acetals, ketals, orthoesters, hemiacetals, hemiketals, acids, bases, solvates, hydrates or prodrugs prior to formulation. The concentrations of the compounds in the compositions may be effective for delivery of an amount, upon administration, that treats cancer and/or one or more of the symptoms in a subject and/or kills one or more cancer cells in a subject.

In some embodiments, the compositions are formulated for single dosage administration. To formulate a composition, the weight fraction of a compound of the present invention is dissolved, suspended, dispersed or otherwise mixed in a selected carrier at an effective concentration such that the treated condition is relieved, prevented, or one or more symptoms may be ameliorated.

The active compound may be included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in an amount sufficient to exert a therapeutically useful effect in the absence of undesirable side effects on the subject treated. The therapeutically effective concentration may be determined empirically by testing the compounds in in vitro and in vivo systems described herein and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,366 to Pandey et al. (1999) and then extrapolated therefrom for dosages for humans.

The concentration of active compound in the pharmaceutical composition may depend on absorption, inactivation and excretion rates of the active compound, the physicochemical characteristics of the compound, the dosage schedule, and/or the amount administered as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. For example, the amount that is delivered may be sufficient to kill one or more cancer cells as described herein.

In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective dosage should produce a serum concentration of the active ingredient of from about 0.1 ng/mL to about 50-100 ug/mL. In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective dosage is from 0.001, 0.01 or 0.1 to 10, 100 or 1000 mg of active compound per kilogram of body weight per day. Pharmaceutical dosage unit forms may be prepared to provide from about 0.01 mg, 0.1 mg or 1 mg to about 500 mg, 1000 mg or 2000 mg, and in one embodiment from about 10 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient or a combination of essential ingredients per dosage unit form.

The active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at intervals of time. It is understood that the precise dosage and duration of treatment is a function of the disease being treated and may be determined empirically using known testing protocols or by extrapolation from in vivo or in vitro test data. It is to be noted that concentrations and dosage values may also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed compositions.

In instances in which the compounds exhibit insufficient solubility, methods for solubilizing compounds may be used. Such methods are known to those of skill in this art, and include, but are not limited to, using cosolvents, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), using surfactants, such as TWEEN™, or dissolution in aqueous sodium bicarbonate. Derivatives of the compounds, such as prodrugs of the compounds may also be used in formulating effective pharmaceutical compositions.

Upon mixing or addition of the compound(s), the resulting mixture may be a solution, suspension, emulsion or the like. The form of the resulting mixture depends upon a number of factors, including the intended mode of administration and the solubility of the compound in the selected carrier or vehicle. The effective concentration may be sufficient for ameliorating the symptoms of the disease, disorder or condition treated and may be empirically determined.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be provided for administration to humans and/or animals in unit dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, and oral solutions or suspensions, and oil-water emulsions containing suitable quantities of the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof. The pharmaceutically therapeutically active compounds and derivatives thereof are, in one embodiment, formulated and administered in unit-dosage forms or multiple-dosage forms. Unit-dose forms as used herein refers to physically discrete units suitable for human and animal subjects and packaged individually as is known in the art. Each unit-dose contains a predetermined quantity of the therapeutically active compound sufficient to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier, vehicle or diluent. Examples of unit-dose forms include ampoules and syringes and individually packaged tablets or capsules. Unit-dose forms may be administered in fractions or multiples thereof. A multiple-dose form is a plurality of identical unit-dosage forms packaged in a single container to be administered in segregated unit-dose form. Examples of multiple-dose forms include vials, bottles of tablets or capsules or bottles of pints or gallons. Hence, multiple dose form is a multiple of unit-doses which are not segregated in packaging.

Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions may, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, or otherwise mixing an active compound as defined above and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, glycols, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension. If desired, the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents, solubilizing agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, acetate, sodium citrate, cyclodextrin derivatives, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, triethanolamine oleate, and other such agents.

Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 15th Edition, 1975.

Dosage forms or compositions containing active ingredient in the range of 0.005% to 100% with the balance made up from non-toxic carrier may be prepared. Methods for preparation of these compositions are known to those skilled in the art. The contemplated compositions may contain 0.001%-100% active ingredient, in one embodiment 0.1-95%, in another embodiment 75-85%.

In some embodiments, a composition of the present invention may be suitable for oral administration. Oral pharmaceutical dosage forms are either solid, gel or liquid. The solid dosage forms are tablets, capsules, granules, and bulk powders. Types of oral tablets include compressed, chewable lozenges and tablets which may be enteric-coated, sugar-coated or film-coated. Capsules may be hard or soft gelatin capsules, while granules and powders may be provided in non-effervescent or effervescent form with the combination of other ingredients known to those skilled in the art.

In certain embodiments, the formulations are solid dosage forms, in one embodiment, capsules or tablets. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like may contain one or more of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder; a lubricant; a diluent; a glidant; a disintegrating agent; a coloring agent; a sweetening agent; a flavoring agent; a wetting agent; an emetic coating; and a film coating. Examples of binders include microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth, glucose solution, acacia mucilage, gelatin solution, molasses, polvinylpyrrolidine, povidone, crospovidones, sucrose and starch paste. Lubricants include talc, starch, magnesium or calcium stearate, lycopodium and stearic acid. Diluents include, for example, lactose, sucrose, starch, kaolin, salt, mannitol and dicalcium phosphate. Glidants include, but are not limited to, colloidal silicon dioxide. Disintegrating agents include crosscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, alginic acid, corn starch, potato starch, bentonite, methylcellulose, agar and carboxymethylcellulose. Coloring agents include, for example, any of the approved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, mixtures thereof, and water insoluble FD and C dyes suspended on alumina hydrate. Sweetening agents include sucrose, lactose, mannitol and artificial sweetening agents such as saccharin, and any number of spray dried flavors. Flavoring agents include natural flavors extracted from plants such as fruits and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant sensation, such as, but not limited to peppermint and methyl salicylate. Wetting agents include propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate and polyoxyethylene laural ether. Emetic-coatings include fatty acids, fats, waxes, shellac, ammoniated shellac and cellulose acetate phthalates. Film coatings include hydroxyethylcellulose, gellan gum, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol 4000 and cellulose acetate phthalate.

The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, may be provided in a composition that protects it from the acidic environment of the stomach. For example, the composition may be formulated in an enteric coating that maintains its integrity in the stomach and releases the active compound in the intestine. The composition may also be formulated in combination with an antacid or other such ingredient. When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to material of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. In addition, dosage unit forms may contain various other materials which modify the physical form of the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar and other enteric agents. The compounds may be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, sprinkle, chewing gum or the like. A syrup may contain, in addition to the active compounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors.

The active materials may also be mixed with other active materials which do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action, such as antacids, H2 blockers, and diuretics. The active ingredient is a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof as described herein. Higher concentrations, up to about 98% by weight of the active ingredient may be included.

In all embodiments, tablets and capsules formulations may be coated as known by those of skill in the art in order to modify or sustain dissolution of the active ingredient. Thus, for example, they may be coated with a conventional enterically digestible coating, such as phenylsalicylate, waxes and cellulose acetate phthalate.

Liquid oral dosage forms include aqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules and effervescent preparations reconstituted from effervescent granules. Aqueous solutions include, for example, elixirs and syrups. Emulsions are either oil-in-water or water-in-oil.

Elixirs are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic preparations. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers used in elixirs include solvents. Syrups are concentrated aqueous solutions of a sugar, for example, sucrose, and may contain a preservative. An emulsion is a two-phase system in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughout another liquid.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers used in emulsions are non-aqueous liquids, emulsifying agents and preservatives. Suspensions use pharmaceutically acceptable suspending agents and preservatives. Pharmaceutically acceptable substances used in non-effervescent granules, to be reconstituted into a liquid oral dosage form, include diluents, sweeteners and wetting agents. Pharmaceutically acceptable substances used in effervescent granules, to be reconstituted into a liquid oral dosage form, include organic acids and a source of carbon dioxide. Coloring and flavoring agents are used in all of the above dosage forms. Solvents include glycerin, sorbitol, ethyl alcohol and syrup. Examples of preservatives include glycerin, methyl and propylparaben, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate and alcohol. Examples of non-aqueous liquids utilized in emulsions include mineral oil and cottonseed oil. Examples of emulsifying agents include gelatin, acacia, tragacanth, bentonite, and surfactants such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. Suspending agents include sodium carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, tragacanth, xanthan gum, Veegum and acacia. Sweetening agents include sucrose, syrups, glycerin and artificial sweetening agents such as saccharin.

Wetting agents include propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether. Organic acids include citric and tartaric acid. Sources of carbon dioxide include sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate. Coloring agents include any of the approved certified water soluble FD and C dyes, and mixtures thereof. Flavoring agents include natural flavors extracted from plants such fruits, and synthetic blends of compounds which produce a pleasant taste sensation. For a solid dosage form, the solution or suspension, in for example propylene carbonate, vegetable oils or triglycerides, is in one embodiment encapsulated in a gelatin capsule. Such solutions, and the preparation and encapsulation thereof, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,328,245; 4,409,239; and 4,410,545. For a liquid dosage form, the solution, e.g., for example, in a polyethylene glycol, may be diluted with a sufficient quantity of a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier, e.g., water, to be easily measured for administration.

Alternatively, liquid or semi-solid oral formulations may be prepared by dissolving or dispersing the active compound or salt in vegetable oils, glycols, triglycerides, propylene glycol esters (e.g., propylene carbonate) and other such carriers, and encapsulating these solutions or suspensions in hard or soft gelatin capsule shells. Other useful formulations include those set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. RE28,819 and 4,358,603. Briefly, such formulations include, but are not limited to, those containing a compound provided herein, a dialkylated mono- or poly-alkylene glycol, including, but not limited to, 1,2-dimethoxymethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, polyethylene glycol-350-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-550-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-750-dimethyl ether wherein 350, 550 and 750 refer to the approximate average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol, and one or more antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate, vitamin E, hydroquinone, hydroxycoumarins, ethanolamine, lecithin, cephalin, ascorbic acid, malic acid, sorbitol, phosphoric acid, thiodipropionic acid and its esters, and dithiocarbamates.

Other formulations include, but are not limited to, aqueous alcoholic solutions including a pharmaceutically acceptable acetal. Alcohols used in these formulations are any pharmaceutically acceptable water-miscible solvents having one or more hydroxyl groups, including, but not limited to, propylene glycol and ethanol. Acetals include, but are not limited to, di(loweralkyl) acetals of loweralkyl aldehydes such as acetaldehyde diethyl acetal.

Parenteral administration, in one embodiment characterized by injection, either subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously is also contemplated herein. Injectables may be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. The injectables, solutions and emulsions also contain one or more excipients. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol or ethanol. In addition, if desired, the pharmaceutical compositions to be administered may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, and other such agents, such as for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate and cyclodextrins.

Implantation of a slow-release or sustained-release system, such that a constant level of dosage is maintained (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,710,795) is also contemplated herein.

Briefly, a compound provided herein is dispersed in a solid inner matrix, e.g., polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, plasticized or unplasticized polyvinylchloride, plasticized nylon, plasticized polyethyleneterephthalate, natural rubber, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonate copolymers, hydrophilic polymers such as hydrogels of esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, collagen, cross-linked polyvinylalcohol and cross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, that is surrounded by an outer polymeric membrane, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethyl siloxanes, neoprene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, vinylchloride copolymers with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethylene terephthalate, butyl rubber epichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, and ethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer, that is insoluble in body fluids.

The compound diffuses through the outer polymeric membrane in a release rate controlling step. The percentage of active compound contained in such parenteral compositions is highly dependent on the specific nature thereof, as well as the activity of the compound and the needs of the subject.

Parenteral administration of the compositions includes intravenous, subcutaneous and intramuscular administrations. Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile solutions ready for injection, sterile dry soluble products, such as lyophilized powders, ready to be combined with a solvent just prior to use, including hypodermic tablets, sterile suspensions ready for injection, sterile dry insoluble products ready to be combined with a vehicle just prior to use and sterile emulsions. The solutions may be either aqueous or nonaqueous.

If administered intravenously, suitable carriers include physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and solutions containing thickening and solubilizing agents, such as glucose, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol and mixtures thereof.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers used in parenteral preparations include aqueous vehicles, nonaqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents, isotonic agents, buffers, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, emulsifying agents, sequestering or chelating agents and other pharmaceutically acceptable substances.

Examples of aqueous vehicles include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringers Injection, Isotonic Dextrose Injection, Sterile Water Injection, Dextrose and Lactated Ringers Injection.

Nonaqueous parenteral vehicles include fixed oils of vegetable origin, cottonseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil and peanut oil. Antimicrobial agents in bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations must be added to parenteral preparations packaged in multiple-dose containers which include phenols or cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride. Isotonic agents include sodium chloride and dextrose. Buffers include phosphate and citrate. Antioxidants include sodium bisulfate. Local anesthetics include procaine hydrochloride. Suspending and dispersing agents include sodium carboxymethylcelluose, xanthan gum, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Emulsifying agents include Polysorbate 80 (TWEEN™ 80). A sequestering or chelating agent of metal ions includes EDTA. Pharmaceutical carriers also include ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol for water miscible vehicles; and sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid or lactic acid for pH adjustment.

The concentration of the pharmaceutically active compound may be adjusted so that an injection provides an effective amount to produce the desired pharmacological effect. The exact dose depends on the age, weight and condition of the subject or animal as is known in the art.

The unit-dose parenteral preparations are packaged in an ampoule, a vial or a syringe with a needle. All preparations for parenteral administration must be sterile, as is known and practiced in the art.

Illustratively, intravenous or intraarterial infusion of a sterile aqueous solution containing an active compound is an effective mode of administration. Another embodiment is a sterile aqueous or oily solution or suspension containing an active material injected as necessary to produce the desired pharmacological effect.

Injectables are designed for local and systemic administration. In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective dosage is formulated to contain a concentration of at least about 0.01% or 0.1% w/w up to about 90% w/w or more, in certain embodiments more than 1% w/w of the active compound to the treated tissue(s).

The compound may be suspended in micronized or other suitable form or may be derivatized to produce a more soluble active product or to produce a prodrug. The form of the resulting mixture depends upon a number of factors, including the intended mode of administration and the solubility of the compound in the selected carrier or vehicle. The effective concentration is sufficient for ameliorating the symptoms of the condition and may be empirically determined.

In some embodiments, liposomal suspensions, including tissue-targeted liposomes, such as tumor-targeted liposomes, may also be suitable as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, liposome formulations may be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.

Briefly, liposomes such as multilamellar vesicles (MLV's) may be formed by drying down egg phosphatidyl choline and brain phosphatidyl serine (7:3 molar ratio) on the inside of a flask. A solution of a compound provided herein in phosphate buffered saline lacking divalent cations (PBS) is added and the flask shaken until the lipid film is dispersed. The resulting vesicles are washed to remove unencapsulated compound, pelleted by centrifugation, and then resuspended in PBS.

In some embodiments, a composition comprising a polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide may be administered to a subject. In some embodiments, a composition comprising a polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide may comprise nanoparticles, liposomes, and the like. In some embodiments, the composition is a solution or suspension comprising a polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide. In some embodiments, if a delivery vehicle such as, e.g., a nanoparticle or liposome, is employed, then the cancer targeting agent may not be covalently attached to the polyiodide binding compound, but rather to the delivery vehicle.

In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide may be administered to the subject in a composition comprising a nanogel. A “nanogel” as used herein refers to a nanometer-scale hydrogel, which comprises crosslinked networks of hydrophilic polymers. Nanogels are known in the art for use in delivering cargoes of biotherapeutics (e.g., protein-containing entities) to cells and to intracellular locales, where the cargo is released by enzymatic triggering or due to distinct physiological state (pH or redox features). Examples of nanogels include, but are not limited to, those described in “Nanogels for Intracellular Delivery of Biotherapeutics,” Li, D.; van Nostrum, C. F.; Mastrobattista, E.; Vermonden, T.; Hennink, W. E. J. Controlled Rel. 2017, 259, 16-28. In some embodiments, when a nanogel is used to administer a polyiodide binding compound, then the targeting agent (e.g., cancer cell targeting agent) may be on the outside of the nanogel and/or otherwise accessible to interact with the target, and the polyiodide binding matrix, the protecting group, and cross-linking moieity of the compound may be inside the nanogel.

The present invention finds use in both veterinary and medical applications. Subjects suitable to be treated with a method of the present invention include, but are not limited to, mammalian subjects. Mammals of the present invention include, but are not limited to, canines, felines, bovines, caprines, equines, ovines, porcines, rodents (e.g. rats and mice), lagomorphs, primates (e.g., simians and humans), non-human primates (e.g., monkeys, baboons, chimpanzees, gorillas), and the like, and mammals in utero. Any mammalian subject in need of being treated according to the present invention is suitable. Mammalian (e.g., human) subjects of both genders and at any stage of development (i.e., neonate, infant, juvenile, adolescent, adult) may be treated according to the present invention. In some embodiments of the present invention, the subject is a mammal and in certain embodiments the subject is a human. Human subjects include both males and females of all ages including fetal, neonatal, infant, juvenile, adolescent, adult, and geriatric subjects as well as pregnant subjects. In particular embodiments of the present invention, the subject is a human adolescent and/or adult. In some embodiments, the subject has or is believed to have cancer, optionally wherein the subject has metastatic cancer.

A method of the present invention may also be carried out on animal subjects, particularly mammalian subjects such as mice, rats, dogs, cats, livestock and horses for veterinary purposes, and/or for drug screening and drug development purposes.

In some embodiments, the subject is “in need of” or “in need thereof” of a method of the present invention, for example, the subject has findings typically associated with cancer and/or a tumor, is suspected to have cancer and/or a tumor, and/or the subject has cancer and/or a tumor.

“Treat,” “treating” or “treatment of” (and grammatical variations thereof) as used herein refer to any type of treatment that imparts a benefit to a subject and may mean that the severity of the subject's condition is reduced, at least partially improved or ameliorated and/or that some alleviation, mitigation or decrease in at least one clinical symptom associated with cancer and/or a tumor is achieved and/or there is a delay in the progression of the symptom. In some embodiments, the severity of a symptom associated with cancer and/or a tumor may be reduced in a subject compared to the severity of the symptom in the absence of a method of the present invention.

In some embodiments, a polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide of the present invention may be administered in a treatment effective amount. A “treatment effective” amount as used herein is an amount that is sufficient to treat (as defined herein) a subject. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the therapeutic effects need not be complete or curative, as long as some benefit is provided to the subject. In some embodiments, a treatment effective amount may be achieved by administering a composition of the present invention.

In some embodiments, a method of the present invention comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide of the present invention to a subject. As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a polyiodide binding compound and/or radionuclide of the present invention that elicits a therapeutically useful response in a subject. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the therapeutic effects need not be complete or curative, as long as some benefit is provided to the subject.

According to some embodiments, a polyiodide compound and/or method of the present invention may target overexpressed endocytosing receptors of tumor cells. A compound and/or method of the present invention may selectively kill more tumor cells than normal cells by low-dose administration of a radionuclide.

Compounds of the present invention can be prepared by methods that are well within the state-of-the-art. In some embodiments, a method for preparation of a first agent of the present invention relies on well-established procedures in the field of bioconjugation chemistry. The purification of reaction mixtures may be achieved by standard methods for separation (e.g., adsorption chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography); establishment of purity (e.g., high-performance liquid chromatography); and/or characterization including mass spectrometry (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) and/or nuclear (¹H, ¹³C, and other nuclei) magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

The synthetic approach to preparing a polyiodide binding compound of the present invention may be modular in nature. In some embodiments, each component of the polyiodide binding compound may be prepared independently and then joined via standard methods of bioconjugation. The methods can include, but are not limited to, click chemistry processes (alkyne/azide reaction to afford a triazole). The linkers may comprise PEG groups and are typically attached via amidation, which is referred to as PEGylation. Diverse linkers with non-identical reactive end groups (e.g., azide and N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester) are known and are readily available; such bifunctional linkers include heterotelechelic oligomers and greatly facilitate the synthesis.

PEGylation of proteins may be carried out by modifying the amino acid residues on the protein surface. For example, lysine, cysteine, tyrosine, arginine, aspartic acid, and/or glutamic acid may be used for PEGylation. The PEG groups can be linear, branched, or dendrimeric.

Methods for attaching a PEG-X-PG group to a biomolecule (e.g. a protein) include, but are not limited to those described in International Application No. PCT/US2019/019090, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, a method of the present invention comprises forming a cross-linked compound, the method comprising: contacting a compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix and an enzyme, thereby forming the cross-linked compound. As used herein “contact”, “contacting”, “contacted,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer to bringing two or more materials (e.g., composition(s), enzyme(s), and/or compound(s), etc.) together in sufficient proximity such that, under suitable conditions, a desired reaction can be carried out (e.g., cross-linking a compound of the present invention). Contacting the two or more materials may be carried out by adding, administering, combining, pouring, spraying, mixing, flowing, injecting, and/or the like the two materials or a portion thereof together. For example, contacting may comprise placing a compound of the present invention in contact with an enzyme, which may cause a compound of the present invention to cross-link and/or form a cross-linked compound. The compound may cross-link with itself (e.g., two or more cross-linking units of the compound may cross-link) and/or the compound may cross-link with another compound of the present invention (e.g., a cross-linking unit of a first compound may cross-link with a cross-linking unit of a second compound). In some embodiments, a compound of the present invention is administered to a subject and a native enzyme (e.g., a glucuronidase) aids in cross-linking the compound such as with itself and/or another compound.

The present invention is explained in greater detail in the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Here, an enzymatically triggered “click reaction” has been developed by exploiting the indigo-forming reaction from indoxyl β-glucoside. The covalent cross-linking proceeds in aqueous solution, requires the presence only of an oxidant (e.g., O₂), and is readily detectable owing to the blue color of the resulting indigoid dye. To achieve facile indigoid formation in the presence of a bioconjugatable tether, diverse indoxyl β-glucosides were synthesized and studied in enzyme assays. The latter include glucosidases from two sources; tritosomes; and rat liver homogenates. Altogether 35 new compounds including 17 new glycosyl-indoxyl compounds were prepared and fully characterized in the course of meeting four essential requirements: enzyme triggering, facile indigoid dye formation, bioconjugatability, and synthetic accessibility. The 4,6-dibromo motif in a 5-alkoxy-substituted indoxyl-glucoside was a key design feature for fast and high-yielding indigoid formation. Two attractive molecular designs include (1) an indoxyl-glucoside linked to a bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyl (BCN) group for Cu-free click chemistry, and (2) a bis(indoxyl-glucoside). In both cases the intervening linker between the reactive moieties is composed of a two short PEG groups and a central triazine derivatized with a sulfobetaine for water solubilization. Glucosidase treatment of the bis(indoxyl-glucoside) in aqueous solution gave oligomers that were characterized by absorption, optical, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy; mass spectrometry; dynamic light-scattering; and HPLC. Key attractions of indigoid dye formation, beyond enzymatic triggering under physiological conditions without exogenous catalysts or reagents, are the chromogenic readout and compatibility with attachment to diverse molecules.

Enzyme-triggered reactions, where a spontaneous chemical reaction follows an enzymatic process, are of great interest in the life sciences particularly for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.¹⁻⁴ As a general strategy, a molecule to be released (A) upon action by the target enzyme is protected with a covalently attached enzyme-cleavable ligand PG (A-PG) (FIG. 1). This general description encompasses yet goes far beyond the design of prodrugs (drug-PG) in formats such as antibody-directed enzyme-prodrug therapy (ADEPT), where the drug is released upon contact with a site-localized enzyme. Recently, there is increasing interest in enzyme-triggered construction of nanostructures in living cells, which constitutes an example of synthetic chemistry in vivo. For example, in enzyme-instructed self-assembly (EISA), a peptide cleaved by an enzyme assembles to form a hydrogel due to hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen-bonding [FIG. 1, (i)].⁵ The cyanobenzothiazole-cysteine (CBT-Cys) click reaction^(6,7) relies on enzyme-triggered covalent-bond formation, where covalent coupling occurs between an enzymatically deprotected cysteine (A) and CBT (B) as an acceptor for the cysteine [FIG. 1(ii)]. Nanostructures that have been prepared using compounds bearing cysteine and CBT moieties include nanorings formed by oligomerization followed by self-assembly⁸ and nanocrystals immobilized by cross-linking.⁹ Such enzyme-triggered covalent-bond forming reactions remain rare despite extensive development of click chemistry as a potent means for bioconjugation.¹⁰

Another example of enzyme-triggered covalent bond formation is the natural formation of indigo. Indoxyl-glucoside 1 (also known as indican) upon action of a glycosidase yields indoxyl (2); subsequent enol-keto tautomerism affords indoline (3), which in the presence of air undergoes homo-coupling to give indigo (4) (FIG. 5).¹¹ Indigo is quite insoluble in water and typically precipitates upon formation. The homo-coupling of two molecules of A to afford indigo (A-A) occurs without an acceptor (B), and is irreversible owing to the oxidation process [FIG. 1, (iii)]. The conversion of indoxyl-glucoside to indigo is accompanied by profound changes in the absorption spectrum, which facilitates quantitative characterization of the products.

The attractive features of indigoid dye formation include enzymatic triggering, chromogenicity, insoluble deposition from aqueous solution at the site of reaction, and reaction under physiological conditions. Histological and bacteriological use has been extended to include indoxyls bearing enzymatically cleavable substituents other than glucosides, including glucuronides, carboxylic esters, phosphoesters, phosphodiesters, and sulfoesters.¹⁴ However, indoxyls have been little explored as cross-linking agents for biomolecules in vitro or in vivo.

Here, we describe results from lengthy studies aimed at developing indoxyl-based chromogenic cross-linking agents of the general design illustrated in FIG. 6A. We were surprised to find that the linkers we employed for attaching a bioconjugatable tether thwarted indigoid dye formation upon enzymatic cleavage of the indoxyl-glucoside. Hence, a first set of studies entailed syntheses of diverse indoxyl β-glucosides to identify the structural features compatible with facile indigoid dye formation while bearing a bioconjugatable tether. Next, each structure was examined for indigoid dye formation upon treatment to several enzymatic conditions including β-glucosidases, tritosomes, and rat liver homogenates; from these studies the 5-alkoxy-4,6-dibromoindoxyl nucleus was found to give superior results. Finally, oligomerization via the indigoid dye-forming reaction under physiological conditions was explored to understand the fundamental properties of this cross-linking motif.

1. Synthesis of Indoxyl Species.

The commercially available 5-benzyloxy-3-formylindole (8) provided the sole indole starting material for all 17 new synthetic indoxyl-glucosides described herein. Compound 8 was converted in 3 steps to the fully protected 5-hydroxyindoxyl β-glucoside 9 (Scheme 1) in accord with a patent.²¹ Deprotection of the acetyl and benzyl groups of 9 provided 5-hydroxyindoxyl β-glucoside 10 in 89% yield, while debenzylation of 9 afforded acetyl-protected 5-hydroxyindoxyl β-glucoside 11 in 99% yield.

1,3,5-Triazine²⁶ and carbamate linkers were selected to derivatize the phenolic hydroxy group in 11 (Scheme 2). Thus, treatment of 11 with 2,4-dichloro-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine (12) replaced one of the two chlorines to form chlorotriazine 13 in 87% yield. The remaining chloride was substituted upon pilot reaction with morpholine and with the elaborate amine 14 bearing a bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyl (BCN) group²⁸ for Cu-free click chemistry.¹⁰ Subsequent deprotection of the sugar in the BCN-tethered indoxyl-glucoside gave 15 in 93% yield (Scheme 2). Treatment of 11 with p-nitrophenyl chloroformate afforded a carbonate intermediate, which upon reaction with benzylamine gave the carbamate. Reaction with NaOMe caused removal of the acetyl groups to give carbamate 16 in 53% yield.

In initial studies with β-glucosidase from almonds, neither 15 nor 16 afforded the corresponding indigoid species in good yield. It appeared that the alkoxy group, necessary for later bioconjugation, inhibited the indigogenic process. Thus, bromine atoms were introduced onto the indole ring to overcome the inhibitory effect of the alkoxy group (Scheme 3). Treatment of 11 with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 1.05 equiv) afforded 4-bromoindoxyl 17 in 75% yield, whereas a larger quantity of NBS (2.3 equiv) gave 4,6-dibromoindoxyl 18 in 83% yield. Single-crystal X-ray structures of 17 and 18 confirmed the sugar stereochemistry and the positions of the bromine atoms (FIG. 7).

The 4,6-unsubstituted indoxyls, the 4-bromoindoxyls, and the 4,6-dibromoindoxyls bearing a linker at the 5-position were prepared from 10, 11, 17, or 18 (Scheme 4). As indoxyls (and the corresponding indigoid dyes) bearing 5-oxy and bromine substituents have not been reported (although each is known separately), we compared the indigogenic reactions among these indoxyls to investigate the effects of the bromine substituents. The triazine linker was introduced into indoxyls 10, 17, and 18 via the successive substitution of the chloro groups in dichlorotriazine 12. 4,6-Unsubstituted indoxyl glucoside 10 was treated with 12 followed by morpholine to afford 19 in 59% yield. 4-Bromoindoxyl 20 bearing the triazine linker was prepared from acetyl-protected 4-bromoindoxyl 17. Treatment of 17 with 12 followed by morpholine and subsequent acetyl deprotection gave 20 in 77% yield. Similarly, 4,6-dibromoindoxyl 21 was prepared from acetyl-protected 18 in 67% yield. Indoxyls 22-26 possess a methoxycarbonyl group, which can function as an amine-reactive linker. This linker was introduced by alkylation of the 5-hydroxy group in 11, 17, and 18 with ethyl bromoacetate in the presence of NaH and subsequent treatment with NaOMe in MeOH. Indoxyl 10 was reacted with propargyl bromide in the presence of K₂CO₃ to afford 4,6-unsubstituted indoxyl glucoside 25 in 30% yield, which bears a propargyl group for ensuing click chemistry. Propargylation of acetyl-protected indoxyl 17 and 18 followed by acetyl-deprotection with triethylamine in MeOH provided 4-bromoindoxyl 26 and 4,6-dibromoindoxyl 27 in 71 and 53% yield, respectively.

4,6-Dibromoindoxyl 30, which possesses the BCN group instead of the propargyl group in 27, was prepared from 18 (Scheme 5). The Mitsunobu reaction between 18 and commercially available BCN-methanol 28 gave 29 in 63% yield. Deacetylation of 29 with K₂CO₃/MeOH afforded 30 in 99% yield. Additionally, 18 was treated with triethylene glycol mononosylate 31 to give 32 in 89% yield, which was deprotected to afford 4,6-dibromoindoxyl 33 bearing a triethylene glycol linker in 94% yield.

Water solubility of the indoxyl glucoside is important for biological applications. Regardless of the presence of the polar glucosyl group, poor water-solubility of the indoxyl glucoside was observed in some cases. For example, we prepared 4,6-dibromoindoxyl glucoside 34 (FIG. 8), which contains the BCN group along with a fluorescent anilinotriazine moiety;^(29,30) however, 34 had limited solubility in aqueous buffers (<10 μM at room temperature). Therefore, this compound is not suitable for bioconjugation. The synthesis of 34 relies on successive substitution of the dichloroanilinotriazine unit (derived from N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)aniline³¹ and cyanuric chloride) with indoxyl-glucoside-PEG-OH and BCN-PEG-NH₂ building blocks.

To improve the water solubility of the indoxyl species, a sulfobetaine unit^(32,33) was incorporated as a water-solubilizing group. Sulfobetaines are stable zwitterions over a wide range of pH. Synthesis of an indoxyl bearing a sulfobetaine unit is illustrated in Scheme 6. Boc-piperazine (35) was treated with 1,3-propane sultone to afford 36 in 63% yield. Quaternization of the tertiary nitrogen atom in 36 with 3-bromopropanol gave Boc-protected sulfobetaine 37 in 69% yield. The Boc group was cleaved with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to afford piperazine-TFA salt 38 in 97% yield. The N-acetyl group of 32 was selectively deprotected with NaHCO₃/MeOH in 84% yield. The product 39, piperazine-TFA salt 38, and BCN-amine 14 were assembled at a triazine ring via one-flask, successive substitution of cyanuric chloride to afford 40 in 51% yield. Cleavage of the acetyl groups of sulfobetaine 40 provided 41 in 98% yield. Owing to the sulfobetaine unit, 41 showed superior solubility (>400 μM at room temperature) versus 34 in a 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, containing 100 mM NaCl).

2. Indigogenic Studies.

With diverse glucosyl-indoxyl compounds in hand, we carried out a set of studies to examine indigoid-dye formation upon enzymatic cleavage of the glucosyl unit under physiological conditions. Altogether, 14 new (15, 16, 19-27, 30, 33, 41) and 2 known (1, 42) synthetic indoxyl-glucosides (lacking acetyl protecting groups) were examined in an effort to identify suitable combinations of substituents to support both bioconjugation and indigoid dye formation. In initial studies, β-glucosidase from almonds was employed to trigger indigoid dye formation (Table 1). Thus, a mixture of this enzyme (1 unit/mL) and an indoxyl β-glucoside (0.1 μmol, 1 mM) in acetate buffer (pH 5, containing 5% DMF) was incubated at 37° C. for 16-19 h. All indigoid dye was dissolved in each case for quantitative evaluation. The parent indoxyl 1 afforded indigo only in 17% yield under the reaction conditions (entry 1). By contrast, 5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl β-glucoside (42, also known as X-Glu used in a chromogenic assay for β-glucosides)¹⁴ provided the corresponding indigoid dye in 74% yield (entry 2, yield calculated based on ε=2.00×10⁴ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹ reported for 5,5′-dibromo-4,4′-dichloroindigo).³⁴ These results are consistent with Holt's report that a bromo (and chloro) substituent(s) on the indoxyl facilitated indigoid dye formation.

No indigoid dye was detected with 15 (entry 3), whereas 16 formed the corresponding indigoid dye, albeit in low yield (24%, entry 4). We measured the molar absorption coefficient of the parent indigo 4 in DMF/water (2:1) and found the value at λ_(max) near 600 nm to be ε=1.27×10⁴ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹, to be compared with ε=1.66×10⁴ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹ in a different solvent reported by Holt and Sadler.³⁴ For consistency, we have used the value in DMF/water (2:1) for all studies here unless noted otherwise.

Indoxyls 19-21 bearing the triazine linker did not form the indigoid dye regardless of the presence or absence of a bromo atom (entries 5-7, respectively). In the case of 5-[(methoxycarbonyl)methoxy]indoxyls 22-24, the yield of indigoid dye was markedly improved as the number of bromine atoms increased (entry 8, 22, <1%; entry 9, 23, 68%; entry 10, 24, 122% yield). The same trend was observed for 5-(propargyloxy)indoxyls 25-27 (entry 11, 25, <5%; entry 12, 26, 56%; entry 13, 27, 105% yield). These results indicated a significant promoting effect of the bromine atoms on indigoid dye formation. No indigo product was detected with BCN-indoxyl 30 (entry 14) whereas PEG₃-indoxyl 33 afforded indigoid dye in 52% yield (entry 15). In summary, the structure of the 5-substituent controlled the indigo-forming reaction: indoxyls 20, 21, and 30 did not engender the formation of any indigoid product regardless of the presence of bromine atoms. This may be because these substrates have low affinity for the enzyme due to the presence of the bulky triazine or BCN moiety.

TABLE 1 Indigogenic reactions of indoxyl derivatives.

Yield (%)^(a) β- β- glucosidase glucosidase from from rat liver Entry Indoxyl Structure almonds^(b) Agrobacterium ^(c) homogenate^(d) 1 1

17  97 ± 5 10 2 42

74^(e)  116 ± 8^(e) 65 3 15

<1 —^(f) —^(f) 4 16

24 —^(f) 9 5 19

<1  46 ± 5 <5 6 20

<1  150 ± 3 <5 7 21

<1  63 ± 4   (31 ± 2)^(g) <5 8 22

<1  30 ± 6 <5 9 23

68  84 ± 4 <5 10 24

122 (59)^(g) 209 ± 6  (102 ± 3)^(g) <5 11 25

<5  37 ± 2 11 12 26

56  79 ± 1 17 13 27

105 (51)^(g) 184 ± 3   (89 ± 2)^(g) 50 14 30

<1  21 ± 1   (10 ± 0.4)^(g) —^(f) 15 33

52^(g)   99 ± 5^(g) <5^(g) 81 ± 5^(g,h) 16 41

_f  106 ± 4^(g) —^(f) ^(a)The yield was estimated by absorption spectroscopy with ε = 1.27 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹ (DMF/H₂O = 2:1) measured for 4 (see the ESI) unless otherwise noted. ^(b)A mixture of the indoxyl (1 mM) and β-glucosidase from almonds (1 unit/mL) in 0.01 M acetate buffer (pH 5, containing 5% DMF) was incubated at 37° C. for 16-19 h. ^(c)A mixture of the indoxyl (100 μM) and β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium (200 nM) in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, containing 2% DMF) was incubated at 37° C. for 2 h. The reaction was repeated three times. ^(d)The indoxyl (1 mM) in rat liver homogenate containing 5% DMF was incubated at 37° C. for 24 h. ^(e)The yield was estimated from absorption spectroscopy with ε = 2.00 × 104 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹ reported for 5,5′-dibromo-4,4′-dichloroindigo.³⁴ ^(f)Not conducted. ^(g)The yield was estimated from absorption spectroscopy with ε = 2.6 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹ (DMF/H₂O = 2:1) measured for 43. ^(h)The reaction was carried out with 33 (100 μM) and β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium (200 nM) plus rat liver homogenate containing 2% DMF at 37° C. for 4 h.

The results from the glucosidase survey prompted several further experiments. First, a parallel set of studies was carried out with inclusion of several oxidants commonly employed in histochemical studies, given that the indigoid dye forming process requires the presence of an oxidant. No substantial increase in yield was observed for the substrates shown in entries 1-15 of Table 1. Also, the same set of substrates was examined with tritosomes (lysosomes isolated by loading with a non-ionic detergent) but the results were uniformly poor except for a low yield of indigoid dye from 16 and 19. The activity of the β-glucosidase was affected only slightly in the presence of a non-ionic detergent. To verify that the results observed in Table 1 were reliable, a 5-mg scale reaction of 33 was carried out to isolate indigo 43, which was obtained in 66% yield (Scheme 7). The 66% isolated yield corresponded well with the enzymatic yield of 52% (Table 1, entry 15).

Next, the β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium sp. was investigated as the trigger enzyme for indigoid dye formation. In contrast to β-glucosidase from almonds, which works chiefly under acidic conditions³⁵ (optimum pH 5.6),³⁶ β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium has a neutral pH optimum and maintains partial activity under acidic (pH 4-5) and basic (pH 8-9) conditions as determined by measurement of the rate of hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside.³⁷ Given that the indigoid dye-forming reaction is reported to be faster at a basic rather than an acidic pH,^(16,38) the pH effect on the indigoid dye-forming reaction was studied with β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium. The reaction was carried out using the enzyme (200 nM) and indoxyl-glucoside 33 (100 μM) in phosphate buffer (pH 4-9, containing 2% DMF) at 37° C. The progress of indigoid dye formation as a function of pH is illustrated in FIG. 9A. High to quantitative yields were attained in 3 h at pH 6-9; within this range, pH 7 provided the best result. The reactions at pH 4 and 5 were also nearly complete in 3 h, although the yields were lower (6% and 38% at pH 4 and 5, respectively). The yields with different enzyme concentrations (200 versus 10 nM) at 2 h are shown in FIG. 9B. Good yields (50-71%) obtained at pH 6-8 with 10 nM enzyme suggested that indigoid dye formation from the indolinone intermediate was not very fast compared to the enzymatic cleavage of the sugar of 33. A relatively large decrease in the yield at pH 9 with 10 nM enzyme may be attributed to the importance of the enzymatic activity under the conditions. The effect of concentration of 33 on the indigo-forming reaction at pH 7.0 is illustrated in FIG. 9C. High yields were maintained when the concentration was >10 μM (89, 86, 85, and 90% at 56, 32, 18, and 10 μM, respectively), while lower yields were obtained at lower concentrations (62, 51, 42, and 41% at 5.6, 3.2, 1.8, and 1.0 μM, respectively). Lengthening the reaction time from 2 h to 14 h improved the yields (88, 79, and 57% at 3.2, 1.8, and 1.0 μM, respectively). Note that with 200 nM enzyme and 100 μM substrate, complete reaction requires 500 turnovers of each enzyme. Given that reaction was still observed at 10 nM enzyme, such a modest turnover appears reasonable. In other words, the cases where incomplete reaction was observed likely were not due to limiting enzyme concentration.

With the results in hand for indoxyl-glucoside 33, the 15 other indoxyl compounds shown in Table 1 (100 μM) were similarly treated with β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium (200 nM) in phosphate buffer (pH 7) at 37° C. for 2 h. Unsubstituted indoxyl 1 and the 4-chloro-5-bromo derivative 42 provided good yields (97 and 116%, entries 3 and 4, respectively). In contrast to β-glucosidase from almonds, the enzyme from Agrobacterium cleaved the glucoside in indoxyls containing the triazine linker to give indigoid dye (entry 5 or 6, 46 or 150% yield). In the reactions of 22-27, the order of the yield was unsubstituted indoxyl <4-bromoindoxyl <4,6-dibromoindoxyl as observed with β-glucosidase from almonds (entries 8-13). Indoxyl 30 again resulted in low yield (10%, entry 14), suggesting severe steric hindrance of the BCN group in the molecule. The indigoid dye was quantitatively formed from indoxyls 33 and 41 (entries 15 and 16, 99 and 106% yield, respectively).

Finally, indigoid-dye formation was carried out in rat liver homogenate (Table 1, rightmost column). Good yields were obtained in the case of 42 (65%, entry 4) and 27 (50%, entry 13). Indoxyl 33 did not form an indigo product in rat liver homogenate (<5%, entry 15). However, when β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium (200 nM) was present in rat liver homogenate, the indigoid dye was obtained in 81% yield (entry 15).

3. Oligomerization Study

We sought to carry out an enzyme-triggered oligomerization using a bis(glucosyl-indoxyl) species bearing a water-solubilization motif. The synthesis of the monomer for oligomerization is shown in Scheme 8. Treatment of acetyl-protected dibromoindoxyl-glucoside 32 (two molar equiv) with cyanuric chloride resulted in substitution of two of the three chloro groups in the latter to give chlorotriazine 44 in 53% yield. After removal of the N-acetyl groups of 44 by treatment with basic methanol, the reaction with 38 installed the water-solubilizing group to afford 45 in 55% yield. Deprotection of the glucosyl O-acetyl groups provided the target bis(glucosyl-indoxyl) species 46 in 77% yield.

Oligomerization of 46 was carried out by treatment with β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium (200 nM) in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7) at 37° C. for 2-4 h (Scheme 9). Precipitation occurred during the reaction. After centrifugation, the precipitate was separated from the supernatant, washed with H₂O, and dried to afford a blue solid.

The efficacy of the indigogenic oligomerization was examined under a variety of conditions. As shown in entries 1-4 in Table 2, the yield of indigoid dye in the supernatant versus precipitate reversed as the concentration of 46 was decreased from 300 to 10 μM, although the total yields were in the range 17-29%. While the reactions in entries 1-4 were carried out in phosphate buffer containing NaCl (0.05 M), those of entries 5 and 6 (with 300 and 50 μM of 46, respectively) were conducted in NaCl-free phosphate buffer. The use of NaCl-free phosphate buffer facilitated extraction of the indigoid dye in the supernatant for analysis.

TABLE 2 Study of the oligomerization of bis(indoxyl-glucoside) species 46. Yield of indigoid dye (%)^(a) Entry [46], μM Time, h supernatant precipitate 1^(b) 300 2 6 11 2^(b) 100 3 10 14 3^(b) 50 2 13 ± 0.4^(c) 16 ± 0.6^(c) 4^(b) 10 4 22 6 5^(d) 300 3 13 13 6^(d) 50 3 19 8 ^(a)The yield was calculated from absorption spectroscopy with ε = 2.6 × 10⁴M⁻¹cm⁻¹. ^(b)The reaction was carried out in phosphate buffer containing NaCl (0.05M). ^(c)The reaction was repeated three times. ^(d)The reaction was carried out in phosphate buffer containing DMF (0.1-0.6%).

The time course of the oligomerization was examined under the reaction conditions listed in entry 5 of Table 2, with 300 μM of 46. The visible course of the reaction is shown in FIG. 10A. Noticeable changes include observation of blue clouding and color deepening at 20 min. Centrifugation enabled isolation of the precipitate. Optical microscopic analysis of the precipitate suspended in H₂O showed small particles of up to several micron dimensions (FIG. 10B). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis indicated that the particle size was ˜680 nm (number mean, FIG. 10C). The absorption spectrum of the precipitate was examined in DMF/DMSO (9:1) and compared with that of the extracted supernatant (in DMF) and 43 (in DMF) (FIG. 10D). All three samples showed a characteristic indigogenic peak in the range 550-700 nm. The greater absorbance at ca. 300 nm in the precipitate and supernatant extract versus that of 43 suggested contamination of impurities composed of indole derivatives. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) [DMF/DMSO (9:1) as eluent] was applied to the precipitate and to the supernatant extract prepared from 300 μM of 46 (FIG. 10E). The first peak appeared at 18-20 min, and then the second peak at 38.5 min. The ratio of peak areas in the supernatant extract was 11:89, whereas that in the precipitate was 93:7. On the basis of a calibration curve prepared with poly(2-vinylpyridine) standards, the molecular size for the first and second peaks was expected to be >265 and <1 kDa, respectively. The large molecular size indicated for the first peak likely implies aggregation or assembly of the oligomers. The chromatograms for the samples prepared with 50 μM of 46 gave similar results but with higher purity compared with those at higher concentration.

The ¹H NMR spectra of 33, 46, and the precipitate dissolved in DMSO-d₆ are shown in FIG. 11A. The lack of signals from the glucosyl group (hydroxyl protons ˜5.0 ppm; the anomeric proton at 4.65 ppm) in the spectrum of the precipitate is consistent with smooth enzymatic cleavage of the sugar moiety. On the other hand, the signals in the aromatic region of the precipitate were complicated (FIG. 11B). One interpretation is that the precipitate includes the indigoid dye in distinct environments and/or unknown indole derivatives other than the indigoid dye and indoxyl β-glucoside.

Finally, the oligomerization of 46 was carried out on a larger scale (7.87 mg) under the same reaction conditions as those of entry 5 in Table 2. As a result, 3.01 mg of the precipitate was obtained, which corresponds to 49% yield based on the monomer formula weight.

We attempted to use mass spectrometry to gain information about the composition of the oligomeric indigoid products formed upon enzymatic treatment of 46. Analysis of the supernatant by ESI-MS revealed negative ion peaks at m/z 1214.0 and 2428.9, consistent with monomer cyclization (n=1) and cyclodimerization (n=2), respectively. Analysis of the supernatant by MALDI-MS revealed a progression of broad peaks extending to m/z >10,000 with m/z 1210-1250 increment. Although the progression implies a mixture of oligomers, the observed m/z values did not match the calculated values. Incomplete purification, decomposition by laser irradiation (especially the bromoheteroarene units), or complicated isotopic distribution caused by multiple bromine atoms may contribute to the broad peaks.

Attempts to use MALDI-MS to analyze the precipitate, which was very insoluble, were unfruitful.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

General methods. ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra were collected at room temperature in CDCl₃ unless noted otherwise. Chemical shifts for ¹H NMR spectra are reported in parts per million (6) relative to tetramethylsilane or solvent signal (CD₃OD, δ=3.31 ppm). Chemical shifts for ¹³C NMR spectra are reported in parts per million (δ), and spectra were calibrated by using solvent signals [CDCl₃, δ=77.16 ppm; (CD₃)₂SO, δ=39.52 ppm; CD₃OD, δ=49.00 ppm]. Silica (40 μm), diol-functionalized silica (40-63 μm), and reverse phase silica (C18, 40-63 μm) were used for column chromatography. Preparative TLC separations were carried out on Merck analytical plates precoated with silica 60 F₂₅₄. All solvents were reagent grade and were used as received unless noted otherwise. Commercial compounds were used as received. The known compounds 9,²¹ 12²⁷ and N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)aniline³¹ were prepared generally following procedures described in the literature. Microscopic analysis was performed on a Zeiss Axio Imager M.2. DLS analysis was performed on a Zetasizer Nano ZS. Centrifugation was carried out at 20,000 G at 4° C.

5-Hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (10). A suspension of 9 (917.4 mg, 1.50 mmol), having >99% stereochemical purity at the anomeric carbon, in MeOH (7.50 mL) at room temperature was treated with sodium methoxide (25 wt % solution in MeOH, 648 μL, 3.0 mmol). After 2 h, acetic acid (229 μL, 6.00 mmol) and palladium on carbon (10 wt %, 79.8 mg, 0.075 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h under hydrogen atmosphere (balloon) at room temperature and then filtered through Celite. The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (7:3)] to afford a pale yellow solid (417.6 mg, 89%): ¹H NMR [400 MHz, (CD₃)₂SO] δ 3.09-3.29 (m, 4H), 3.42-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.76 (m, 1H), 4.47-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.59 (br s, 1H), 5.07 (br s, 1H), 5.15 (br s, 1H), 5.38 (br s, 1H), 6.58 (dd, J=2.6, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.68 (br s, 1H), 10.21 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 62.6, 71.5, 75.0, 78.02, 78.04, 102.5, 105.8, 112.9, 113.1, 113.5, 121.9, 130.4, 138.4, 160.0; ESI-MS obsd 334.0894, calcd 334.0897 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₁₄H₁₇NO₇].

1-Acetyl-5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (11).²¹ Following a reported debenzylation procedure,²¹ a suspension of 9 (6.911 g, 11.3 mmol) and Pd/C (10 w/w %, 360.8 mg, 0.339 mmol) in ethyl acetate/EtOH (4:1, 113 mL) was stirred for 3 h at room temperature under H₂ atmosphere (balloon). The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite. The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed [silica, CH₂Cl₂/ethyl acetate (10:1)] to afford a pale yellow solid (5.85 g, 99%): mp 88-90° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.05 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 3.77-3.88 (m, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=5.0, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (d, J=12.4 Hz), 4.93-5.03 (m, 1H), 5.11-5.23 (m, 1H), 5.23-5.34 (m, 2H), 5.82-6.02 (m, 1H), 6.85-6.96 (m, 2H), 7.10 (br s, 1H), 8.22 (br s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 20.63, 20.66, 20.73, 20.8, 23.7, 62.1, 68.3, 71.1, 72.4, 72.6, 101.0, 103.2, 110.9, 115.1, 117.7, 125.4, 128.3, 141.3, 153.0, 168.2, 169.58, 169.63, 170.4, 171.0; ESI-MS obsd 544.1430, calcd 544.1426 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₂₄H₂₇NO₁₂].

1-Acetyl-5-[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxy]-1H-indole-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (13). A sample of i-Pr₂EtN (65.3 μL, 0.375 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 min to a suspension of 11 (130.4 mg, 0.250 mmol) and 12 (58.5 mg, 0.325 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.25 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2 h. The reaction mixture was washed with aqueous citric acid (10%, 1 mL) followed by brine (1 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed [silica, hexanes/ethyl acetate (2:3)] to afford a white solid (188.3 mg, 87%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.05 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 3.80-3.95 (m, 1H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 4.14-4.38 (m, 2H), 4.97-5.09 (m, 1H), 5.09-5.40 (m, 3H), 7.10-7.36 (m, 3H), 8.44 (br s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 20.6, 20.68, 20.71, 23.8, 56.3, 61.9, 68.2, 70.9, 72.37, 72.43, 100.7, 110.2, 111.1, 117.7, 119.7, 124.8, 131.4, 141.0, 147.6, 168.1, 169.2, 169.4, 170.2, 170.5, 172.5, 172.8, 173.2; ESI-MS obsd 665.1499, calcd 665.1492 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₂₈H₂₉ClN₄O₁₃].

5-{[4-({1-[(1R,8S,9s)-Bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-yl]-3-oxo-2,7,10-trioxa-4-azadodecan-12-yl}amino)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]oxy}-1H-indole-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (15). A sample of 13 (20.3 mg, 0.0305 mmol) was added to a solution of (1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-ylmethanol (10.4 mg, 0.0321 mmol) and i-Pr₂EtN (6.7 μL, 0.038 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (150 μL) at room temperature. After 3 h, MeOH (750 μL) and K₂CO₃ (13.3 mg, 0.096 mmol) were added. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of acetic acid (9.2 μL) and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (3:1)] to afford a pale yellow solid (21.0 mg, 93%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD, ˜1:1 mixture of rotamers) δ 0.85-0.98 (m, 2H), 1.25-1.40 (m, 1H), 1.49-1.65 (m, 2H), 2.09-2.30 (m, 6H), 3.10-3.18 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.28 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.63 (m, 14H), 3.716 (dd, J=5.6, 11.9 Hz, 0.5H), 3.719 (dd, J=5.7, 11.9 Hz, 0.5H), 3.87-3.93 (m, 2.5H), 3.94 (s, 1.5H), 4.10 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 0.5H), 4.12 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 0.5H), 4.68 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 0.5H), 4.70 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 0.5H), 6.67-6.73 (m, 0.5H), 6.78-6.84 (m, 0.5H), 6.87 (dd, J=2.3, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (dd, J=2.3, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 0.5H), 7.29 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 0.5H), 7.47 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 0.5H), 7.48 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 0.5H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 18.9, 21.4, 21.9, 30.1, 41.2, 41.5, 41.6, 41.7, 41.9, 55.2, 55.3, 62.6, 63.70, 63.74, 70.0, 70.3, 70.8, 70.88, 70.91, 71.16, 71.22, 71.5, 75.0, 78.0, 78.16, 78.19, 99.5, 105.9, 106.0, 110.8, 111.0, 112.7, 112.9, 114.0, 114.2, 117.3, 117.5, 121.4, 121.5, 132.9, 133.0, 139.18, 139.24, 146.4, 146.6, 159.2, 159.2, 169.3, 169.5, 173.4, 173.7, 173.9, 174.1; ESI-MS obsd 743.3249, calcd 743.3247 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₃₅H₄₆N₆O₂].

5-[(Benzylcarbamoyl)oxy)]-1H-indole-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (16). Samples of p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (6.0 mg, 0.029 mmol) and i-Pr₂EtN (6 μL, 0.03 mmol) were added to a solution of 11 (13.0 mg, 0.025 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) at room temperature. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (2 mL) and stirred for 30 min at room temperature. After H₂O (2 mL) was added, the mixture was extracted with Et₂O (3×2 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with H₂O (2 mL), brine (2 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). Benzylamine (3 μL, 0.03 mmol) was added to the solution at room temperature. After 20 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (1 mL). NaOMe (25% in MeOH, 5 μL, 0.02 mmol) was added to the solution at room temperature. After 45 min, the reaction mixture was quenched with ion exchange resin (DOWEX 50WX8-200), stirred for 20 min at room temperature, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (5:1)] afforded a colorless oil (5.9 mg, 53%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.32-3.36 (m, 1H), 3.40 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (dd, J=9.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (dd, J=12.0, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J=12.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 4.67 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (dd, J=8.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 7.24-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.40 (m, 4H), 7.43 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 45.7, 62.6, 71.5, 75.0, 78.0, 78.2, 106.0, 111.0, 112.7, 114.2, 117.5, 121.5, 128.2, 128.4, 129.6, 132.9, 139.0, 140.4, 145.4, 158.6; ESI-MS obsd 467.1419, calcd 467.1425 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₂₂H₂₃N₂NaO₈].

1-Acetyl-4-bromo-5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (17). A solution of N-bromosuccinimide in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mM, 4.20 mL) was added dropwise over 5 min to a solution of 11 (208.6 mg, 0.400 mmol) and 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (88 μL, 0.40 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5.80 mL) at −78° C. After 1.5 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was washed with saturated aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ (3 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica, hexanes/CH₂Cl₂/MeCN (2:1:1)] afforded a white solid (180.6 mg, 75%): mp 130° C. (dec.); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.05 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 3.86-3.96 (m, 1H), 4.22 (dd, J=5.4, 12.3 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (dd, J=2.0, 12.3 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (dd, J=9.2, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (dd, J=9.2, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (dd, J=7.8, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.74 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (br s, 1H), 8.29 (br s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 20.8, 20.9, 21.0, 23.9, 62.1, 68.3, 71.0, 72.6, 72.8, 98.6, 100.3, 111.2, 114.7, 117.1, 122.6, 129.0, 140.5, 149.4, 167.9, 169.4, 169.5, 170.4, 170.6; ESI-MS obsd 600.0712, calcd 600.0711 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₂₄H₂₆BrNO₁₂]. Suitable crystals for X-ray analysis were obtained by recrystallization from cyclohexane/CHCl₃.

1-Acetyl-4,6-dibromo-5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (18). A solution of N-bromosuccinimide (3.987 g, 22.4 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (240 mL) was added dropwise over 1 h to a solution of 11 (5.841 g, 11.2 mmol) and 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (2.47 mL, 11.2 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (160 mL) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 3.5 h. N-Bromosuccinimide (598 mg, 3.36 mmol) was added. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was washed with aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ (10%, 50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and filtered.

The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica, hexanes/ethyl acetate (1:1)] followed by recrystallization from CH₂Cl₂/MeOH afforded a white solid (6.32 g, 83%): mp 102-103° C.; ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.05 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.59 (s, 3H), 3.91 (ddd, J=2.4, 5.2, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (dd, J=5.2, 12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (dd, J=2.4, 12.5 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (dd, J=9.5, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (dd, J=9.3, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (dd, J=7.6, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 6.02 (s, 1H), 7.22 (br s, 1H), 8.63 (br s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 20.7, 20.9, 21.0, 23.7, 62.1, 68.4, 71.0, 72.7, 72.8, 98.4, 100.3, 108.6, 112.0, 120.0, 122.6, 128.7, 140.2, 146.3, 167.8, 169.4, 169.5, 170.3, 170.6; ESI-MS obsd 699.9645, calcd 699.9636 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₂₄H₂₅Br₂NO₁₂]. Suitable crystals for X-ray analysis were obtained by recrystallization from cyclohexane/acetone.

5-[(4-Methoxy-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxy]-1H-indole-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (19). A sample of i-Pr₂EtN (13.1 μL, 0.075 mmol) was added to a solution of 10 (15.6 mg, 0.050 mmol) and 12 (9.9 mg, 0.055 mmol) in DMF (125 μL) at room temperature. After 3 h, morpholine (8.6 μL, 0.10 mmol) was added. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was passed through silica. The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica, CHCl₃/MeOH (4:1)] afforded a white solid (15.0 mg, 59%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.25-3.93 (m, 14H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 4.67 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=8.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (s, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 45.2, 55.3, 62.6, 67.5, 71.5, 75.0, 78.0, 78.2, 106.0, 110.7, 112.7, 114.1, 117.3, 121.4, 132.9, 139.2, 146.5, 167.9, 173.8, 174.0; ESI-MS obsd 506.1883, calcd 506.1880 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₂₂H₂₇N₅O₉].

1-Acetyl-4-bromo-5-[(4-methoxy-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxy]-1H-indole-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pre-20). A sample of i-Pr₂EtN (10.5 μL, 0.060 mmol) was added to a solution of 17 (24.0 mg, 0.040 mmol) and 12 (7.9 mg, 0.044 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (200 μL) at room temperature. After 30 min, morpholine (6.9 μL, 0.080 mmol) was added. After 3 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with acetic acid (2.2 μL) and then passed through silica (ethyl acetate as an eluent). The eluent was concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica, hexanes/ethyl acetate (1:2)] afforded a white solid (27.6 mg, 87%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 3.60-3.76 (m, 6H), 3.78-3.94 (m, 6H), 4.20 (dd, J=5.2, 12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (dd, J=2.2, 12.5 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (dd, J=9.3, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (dd, J=9.3, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (dd, J=7.6, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (br s, 1H), 8.30-8.50 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 20.7, 20.9, 21.0, 24.0, 44.06, 44.11, 54.8, 62.0, 66.6, 66.7, 68.3, 70.8, 72.6, 72.7, 100.3, 106.4, 112.1, 116.3, 121.5, 123.5, 132.1, 140.8, 146.2, 166.9, 168.1, 169.3, 169.5, 170.3, 170.6, 171.9, 172.6; ESI-MS obsd 816.1321, calcd 816.1334 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₃₂H₃₆BrN₅O₁₄].

4-Bromo-5-[(4-methoxy-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxy]-1H-indole-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (20). A suspension of pre-20 (15.9 mg, 0.020 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (2.8 mg, 0.020 mmol) in MeOH was stirred at room temperature for 20 min. The reaction mixture was quenched with acetic acid (2.9 μL) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (1:2)] afforded a white solid (10.4 mg, 89%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.34-4.00 (m, 17H), 4.76 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.34 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 45.1, 45.3, 55.29, 55.34, 62.65, 62.69, 67.5, 71.6, 75.3, 78.1, 78.3, 105.2, 106.1, 112.2, 114.7, 118.3, 119.8, 133.6, 139.2, 143.8, 167.9, 173.4, 173.8; ESI-MS obsd 584.0986, calcd 584.0987 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₂₂H₂₆BrN₅O₉].

4,6-Dibromo-5-[(4-methoxy-6-morpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxy]-1H-indole-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (21). A sample of i-Pr₂EtN (7.3 μL, 0.042 mmol) was added to a solution of 18 (19.0 mg, 0.028 mmol) and 2,4-dichloro-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine (5.54 mg, 0.031 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (140 μL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. Morpholine (4.8 μL, 0.056 mmol) was added. After 3 h, MeOH (560 μL) and K₂CO₃ (19.3 mg, 0.14 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was heated at 35° C. for 1 h and cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of acetic acid (16 μL) and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (6:1)] afforded a white solid (12.5 mg, 67%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.34-4.02 (m, 17H), 4.77 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 45.1, 45.3, 55.4, 55.5, 62.6, 67.4, 71.5, 75.2, 78.1, 78.3, 105.00, 105.02, 107.6, 111.2, 115.2, 115.7, 119.5, 133.6, 139.2, 140.6, 167.9, 172.6, 173.9; ESI-MS obsd 662.0098, calcd 662.0092 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₂₂H₂₅Br₂N₅O₉].

5-(Methoxycarbonyl)methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (22). Ethyl bromoacetate (5.0 μL, 45 μmol) and NaH (2.0 mg, 83 μmol) were added to a solution of 11 (10.0 mg, 0.019 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) at room temperature. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (2 mL) and stirred for 10 min at room temperature. After H₂O (2 mL) was added, the mixture was extracted with Et₂O (3×2 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with H₂O (2 mL), brine (2 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (1 mL). NaOMe (25% in MeOH, 5 μL, 0.02 mmol) was added to the solution at room temperature. After 45 min, the reaction mixture was quenched with ion exchange resin (DOWEX 50WX8-200), stirred for 20 min at room temperature, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (5:1)] to afford a colorless oil (3.9 mg, 53%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.34-3.56 (m, 4H), 3.72 (dd, J=12.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.91 (dd, J=12.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 6.82 (dd, J=9.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 7.16-7.22 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 52.5, 62.7, 67.0, 71.5, 75.1, 78.0, 78.2, 101.5, 106.0, 113.3, 113.7, 113.9, 153.1, 172.1; ESI-MS obsd 406.1109, calcd 406.1109 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₁₇H₂₁NO₉].

4-Bromo-5-(methoxycarbonyl)methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (23). Ethyl bromoacetate (4.0 μL, 36 μmol) and NaH (1.0 mg, 42 μmol) were added to a solution of 17 (15 mg, 0.025 mmol) in DMF (0.5 mL) at room temperature. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (2 mL) and stirred for 10 min at room temperature. After H₂O (2 mL) was added, the mixture was extracted with Et₂O (3×2 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with H₂O (2 mL), brine (2 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (0.5 mL). NaOMe (25% in MeOH, 5 μL, 0.02 mmol) was added to the solution at room temperature. After 45 min, the reaction mixture was quenched with ion exchange resin (DOWEX 50WX8-200), stirred for 20 min at room temperature, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (5:1)] to afford a colorless oil (5.4 mg, 52%): ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.34-3.56 (m, 4H), 3.72 (dd, J=12.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.92 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (s, 2H), 4.75 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J=9.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (dd, J=9.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 52.5, 69.7, 69.8, 71.6, 75.4, 78.3, 103.3, 105.3, 112.2, 113.9, 115.0, 120.3, 132.5, 138.9, 149.7, 171.7; ESI-MS obsd 484.0205, calcd 484.0214 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₁₇H₂₀BrNO₉].

4,6-Dibromo-5-(methoxycarbonyl)methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (24). Ethyl bromoacetate (3.0 μL, 27 μmol) and NaH (1.0 mg, 42 μmol) were added to a solution of 18 (12.7 mg, 0.019 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) at room temperature. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NH₄Cl (2 mL) and stirred for 20 min at room temperature. After H₂O (2 mL) was added, the mixture was extracted with Et₂O (3×2 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with H₂O (2 mL), brine (2 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (1 mL). NaOMe (25% in MeOH, 5 μL, 0.02 mmol) was added to the solution at room temperature. After 45 min, the reaction mixture was quenched with ion exchange resin (DOWEX 50WX8-200), stirred for 20 min at room temperature, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (5:1)] to afford a colorless oil (8.3 mg, 82%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.37-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.45 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (dd, J=9.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (dd, J=12.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.92 (d, J=12 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 4.74 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 52.6, 62.7, 70.3, 71.6, 75.3, 78.2, 78.3, 105.1, 107.6, 111.6, 115.4, 116.1, 119.9, 133.2, 139.1, 145.6, 170.6; ESI-MS obsd 561.9310, calcd 561.9319 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₁₇H₁₉Br₂NO₉].

5-Propargyloxy-1H-indol-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (25). A suspension of 10 (15.6 mg, 0.050 mmol), propargyl bromide (18.6 μL, 80% in toluene, 0.125 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (17.2 mg, 0.124 mmol) in DMF (125 μL) was heated to 80° C. for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then passed through silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH=1:1 as an eluent). The eluent was concentrated under reduced pressure. Preparative thin layer chromatography [silica, 0.25 mm, 20×20 cm, CHCl₃/MeOH (4:1)] afforded a brown solid (5.3 mg, 30%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 2.88 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.32-3.54 (m, 4H), 3.73 (dd, J=5.0, 11.8 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (dd, J=2.2, 11.8 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 2H), 6.79 (dd, J=2.4, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 7.18 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=2.4 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 57.6, 62.7, 71.5, 75.1, 76.1, 78.0, 78.2, 80.5, 102.2, 105.9, 113.1, 113.5, 114.1, 121.4, 131.0, 139.0, 152.8; ESI-MS obsd 372.1055, calcd 372.1054 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₁₇H₁₉NO₇].

4-Bromo-5-propargyloxy-1H-indol-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (26). Propargyl bromide (8.9 μL, 80% in toluene, 0.060 mmol) was added to a suspension of 17 (30.0 mg, 0.050 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (8.3 mg, 0.060 mmol) in DMF (200 μL) at room temperature. After 4.5 h, triethylamine (20.9 μL, 0.15 mmol) and MeOH (100 μL) were added. After 2 h, NaOMe (21.6 μL, 25% in MeOH, 0.10 mmol) was added. After 30 min, the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of acetic acid (20 μL) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH=8:1) followed by diol-functionalized silica (acetone)] afforded a white solid (15.3 mg, 71%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 2.90 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.34-3.52 (m, 3H), 3.55 (dd, J=8.2, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.65-3.7 (m, 1H), 3.92 (dd, J=1.2, 11.8 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 2H), 4.74 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 60.2, 62.7, 71.5, 75.3, 76.7, 78.0, 78.2, 80.2, 103.6, 105.2, 112.0, 114.5, 114.9, 120.2, 132.5, 138.8, 149.2; ESI-MS obsd 450.0155, calcd 450.0159 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₁₇H₁₉BrNO₇].

4,6-Dibromo-5-propargyloxy-1H-indol-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (27). Propargyl bromide (1.8 μL, 80% in toluene, 0.012 mmol) was added to a suspension of 18 (6.8 mg, 0.010 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (1.7 mg, 0.012 mmol) in DMF (80 μL) at room temperature. After 2 h, triethylamine (4.2 μL, 0.30 mmol) and MeOH (40 μL) were added. After 4.5 h, NaOMe (4.3 μL, 25% in MeOH, 0.020 mmol) was added. After 30 min, the reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of acetic acid (4 μL) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH=4:1) followed by diol-functionalized silica (acetone)] afforded a white solid (2.7 mg, 53%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 2.94 (t, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.42-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.54 (dd, J=7.9, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.92 (dd, J=1.5, 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 2H), 4.75 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 61.6, 62.7, 71.6, 75.3, 76.8, 78.1, 78.3, 79.5, 105.1, 108.1, 112.3, 115.2, 115.9, 119.8, 133.1, 139.1, 145.8, ESI-MS obsd 527.9260, calcd 527.9264 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₁₇H₁₇Br₂NO₇].

1-Acetyl-5-{[(1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-yl]methoxy}-4,6-dibromo-1H-indole-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (29). Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (39.4 μL, 0.20 mmol) was added to a solution of 18 (67.9 mg, 0.10 mmol), 28 (16.5 mg, 0.11 mmol), and PPh₃ (52.5 mg, 0.20 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.50 mL) at room temperature. After 1.5 h, the reaction mixture was passed through silica (ethyl acetate as an eluent). The eluent was concentrated and again chromatographed [silica, hexanes/acetone (2:1) followed by hexanes/ethyl acetate (1:1)] to afford a white solid (51.1 mg, 63%): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.09-1.1 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.82 (m, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 2.18-2.40 (m, 6H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 3.89 (ddd, J=2.3, 5.1, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.20 (dd, J=5.1, 12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (dd, J=2.3, 12.5 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (dd, J=9.2, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (dd, J=9.2, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (dd, J=7.6, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 8.70 (br s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 19.2, 20.7, 20.8, 20.9, 21.1, 21.7, 23.9, 29.5, 62.0, 68.3, 70.9, 72.0, 72.6, 72.7, 99.1, 100.3, 107.9, 112.0, 116.6, 120.4, 123.2, 131.0, 140.5, 150.1, 168.0, 169.4, 169.6, 170.4, 170.6; ESI-MS obsd 810.0761, calcd 810.0755 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₃₄H₃₇Br₂NO₁₂].

5-{[(1R,8S,9s)-Bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-yl]methoxy}-4,6-dibromo-1H-indole-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (30). K₂CO₃ (2.8 mg, 0.020 mmol) was added to a solution of 29 (16.2 mg, 0.020 mmol) in MeOH/THF (4:1, 200 μL) at room temperature. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and passed through silica [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (2:1) as an eluent] to afford a white solid (11.9 mg, 99%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 0.97-1.06 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.77 (m, 3H), 2.14-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.21-2.34 (m, 4H), 3.37-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.44-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.55 (dd, J=8.1, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.92 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.74 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 20.1, 21.7, 22.0, 30.6, 62.7, 71.5, 72.8, 75.3, 78.1, 78.3, 99.6, 105.2, 107.9, 112.5, 115.2, 116.0, 119.9, 132.8, 139.0, 146.9; ESI-MS obsd 600.0238, calcd 600.0227 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₂₄H₂₈Br₂NO₇].

2-[2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl 2-nitrobenzenesulfonate (31). Triethylamine (1.53 mL, 11.0 mL) was added to a suspension of 2-nitrobenzenesulfonic chloride (2.216 g, 10.0 mmol) in triethylene glycol (26.7 mL, 200 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature. After 30 min, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL), washed with aqueous citric acid (10%, 100 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed [silica, hexanes/acetone (2:3)] to afford a clear pale yellow oil (2.929 g, 87%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.41 (br s, 1H), 3.54-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.59-3.66 (m, 4H), 3.66-3.75 (m, 2H), 3.76-3.83 (m, 2H), 4.38-4.47 (m, 2H), 7.74-7.79 (m, 1H), 7.79-7.85 (m, 2H), 8.13-8.20 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 61.9, 68.7, 70.4, 70.9, 71.2, 72.5, 125.0, 129.9, 131.5, 132.5, 134.9, 148.4; ESI-MS obsd 336.0735, calcd 336.0748 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₁₂H₁₇NO₈S].

1-Acetyl-4,6-dibromo-5-[1-hydroxy-3,6,9-trioxanon-9-yl]-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (32). A sample of i-Pr₂EtN (66 μL, 0.38 mmol) was added to a suspension of 18 (172.0 mg, 0.253 mmol) and 31 (110.4 mg, 0.329 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (253 μL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated to 35° C. for 24 h and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (2 mL), washed with aqueous HCl (1 M, 2 mL) and brine (2 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed (silica, ethyl acetate as an eluent) to afford a white solid (182.7 mg, 89%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.05 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.44 (br s, 1H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 3.64 (t, 2H), 3.71-3.78 (m, 4H), 3.78-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.89 (ddd, J=2.5, 5.2, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.17-4.23 (m, 2H), 3.97 (t, 2H), 4.20 (dd, J=5.2, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (dd, J=2.5, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (dd, J=9.6, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.30 (dd, J=9.4, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (dd, J=7.6, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 8.69 (br s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 20.7, 20.9, 21.1, 23.9, 61.9, 62.0, 68.3, 70.3, 70.6, 70.9, 71.0, 72.6, 72.7, 100.3, 107.7, 112.1, 116.3, 120.4, 123.2, 131.1, 140.5, 149.8, 168.0, 169.4, 169.5, 170.3, 170.6; ESI-MS obsd 832.0399, calcd 832.0422 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₃₀H₃₇Br₂NO₁₅].

4,6-Dibromo-5-[1-hydroxy-3,6,9-trioxanon-9-yl]-1H-indol-3-yl β-D-glucopyranoside (33). A suspension of 32 (10.2 mg, 0.013 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (0.4 mg, 0.003 mmol) in MeOH (250 μL) was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with AcOH (0.4 μL), diluted with CH₂Cl₂, and then passed through silica gel [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (2:1) as an eluent]. The eluent was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated with MeOH/ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford a white solid (7.1 mg, 94%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 4.74 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.95 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 3.82-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.74-3.65 (m, 5H), 3.59 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.54 (dd, J=7.8, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.43-3.37 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 146.8, 139.0, 132.9, 119.9, 116.0, 115.2, 112.2, 107.7, 105.1, 78.3, 78.1, 75.3, 73.7, 73.6, 71.7, 71.54, 71.50, 71.3, 62.7, 62.3; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: [M+Na]⁺ Calcd for C₂₀H₂₇Br₂NNaO₁₀ 621.9894; found 621.9891.

3-[4-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl]propane-1-sulfonic acid (36). A sample of 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperazine (35, 2.011 g, 10.8 mmol) was added to a solution of 1,3-propane sultone (1.319 g, 10.8 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5.40 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated to 60° C. for 1 h, and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The precipitate was filtered and washed with ethyl acetate to afford a white solid (2.106 g, 63%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, D₂O) δ 1.47 (s, 9H), 2.17-2.28 (m, 2H), 3.02 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.20-3.39 (m, 2H), 2.65-3.91 (m, 6H), 4.23 (br s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, D₂O) δ 20.3, 28.5, 41.5, 48.7, 52.5, 56.4, 83.8, 156.5; ESI-MS obsd 309.1474, calcd 309.1479 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₁₂H₂₄N₂O₅S].

3-(4-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-1-(3-hydroxypropyl)piperazin-1-ium-1-yl)propane-1-sulfonate (37). 3-Bromopropanol (2.17 mL, 24 mmol) was added to a mixture of 36 (1.234 g, 4.00 mmol), NaHCO₃ (2.688 g, 32.0 mmol), KI (132.8 mg, 0.80 mmol) in H₂O (1.09 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. for 15 h, allowed to cool to room temperature, and washed with Et₂O (20 mL). The residue was suspended in CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4:1, 25 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4:6)] to afford a white solid (1.011 g, 69%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.48 (s, 9H), 1.95-2.03 (m, 2H), 2.14-2.24 (m, 2H), 2.90 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.46-3.60 (m, 6H), 3.64-3.72 (m, 4H), 3.81 (br s, 4H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 18.7, 25.5, 28.5, 37.8, 39.0, 48.4, 57.4, 57.7, 59.3, 82.4, 155.5, ESI-MS obsd 367.1896, calcd 367.1897 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₁₅H₃₀N₂O₆S].

3-(1-(3-Hydroxypropyl)piperazin-1-ium-1-yl)propane-1-sulfonate trifluoroacetic acid salt (38). A sample of 37 (980.2 mg, 2.67 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (1.78 mL) at room temperature. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated with EtOH/Et₂O to afford a pale yellow solid (985.4 mg, 97%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 0.75-0.85 (m, 2H), 0.96-1.07 (m, 2H), 1.75 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.40-2.73 (m, 14H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 18.9, 25.6, 38.8, 48.2, 58.3 (br s), 58.8 (br s), 59.1, 163.1 (q, J=34.5 Hz), ESI-MS obsd 267.1371, calcd 267.1373 [(M−CF₃CO₂H+H)⁺, M=C₁₂H₂₃F₃N₂O₆S].

4,6-Dibromo-5-[1-hydroxy-3,6,9-trioxanon-9-yl]-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (39). A suspension of 32 (811.4 mg, 1.00 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (8.4 mg, 0.0.10 mmol) in MeOH (5.00 mL) was stirred for 3.5 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was suspended in ethyl acetate. The suspension was passed through silica (ethyl acetate as an eluent). The eluent was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a white solid (650.1 mg, 84%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.04 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 2.096 (s, 3H), 2.103 (s, 3H), 2.50 (br s, 1H), 3.62-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.71-3.78 (m, 4H), 3.78-3.84 (m, 3H), 3.94-4.00 (m, 2H), 4.13-4.20 (m, 2H), 4.24 (dd, J=4.8, 12.3 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (dd, J=2.8, 12.3 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (dd, J=9.5, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (dd, J=9.3, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (dd, J=7.8, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.94 (br s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 20.6, 20.7, 20.8, 21.1, 61.7, 61.9, 68.4, 70.2, 70.4, 70.7, 71.0, 71.9, 72.4, 72.5, 72.9, 101.0, 106.6, 112.0, 114.5, 115.2, 118.7, 131.3, 136.7, 145.9, 169.5, 169.6, 170.3, 170.7; ESI-MS obsd 768.0494, calcd 768.0497 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₂₈H₃₅Br₂NO₁₄].

4-({1-[(1R,8S,9s)-Bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-yl]-3-oxo-2,7,10-trioxa-4-azadodecan-12-yl)amino}-6-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-4-(3-sulfopropyl)piperazin-1-yl])-2-{10-[1-acetyl-3-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,6-dibromo-1H-indol-5-yl]-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadec-1-yl}-1,3,5-triazine (40). Cyanuric chloride (20.3 mg, 0.11 mmol) was added to a mixture of 39 (76.9 mg, 0.10 mmol), 1,10-phenanthroline (36.0 mg, 0.20 mmol), and powdered molecular sieves 4 Å (50.0 mg) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.50 mL) at room temperature. After 16 h, 38 (49.4 mg, 0.13 mmol) in DMF (0.50 mL) and ^(i)Pr₂EtN (70 μL, 0.40 mmol) were added. After 3 h, 14 (35.7 mg, 0.11 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (300 μL) and ^(i)Pr₂EtN (35 μL, 0.20 mmol) were added. After 4 h, ^(i)Pr₂EtN (35 μL, 0.20 mmol) was added. After 15 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was washed with aqueous citric acid (10%, 3 mL) and brine (3 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [diol-functionalized silica (ethyl acetate/MeOH=19:1 to CH₂Cl₂/MeOH=5:1) followed by silica (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH=5:1)] afforded a white solid (72.5 mg, 51%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃, mixture of rotamers) δ 0.91 (m, 2H), 1.26-1.38 (m, 1H), 1.54 (br s, 2H), 1.80-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 2.11-2.33 (m, 9H), 2.90 (br s, 2H), 3.15-4.47 (m, 42H), 4.75 (br s, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 5.16 (t, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.21-5.36 (m, 2H), 5.43 (s, 0.5H), 5.53 (s, 0.5H), 5.81 (br s, 0.5H), 6.05 (br s, 0.5H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 10.3 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃, mixture of rotamers) δ 17.8, 17.9, 20.1, 20.7, 20.9, 21.1, 21.5, 24.6, 29.1, 36.8, 40.5, 40.7, 40.8, 41.5, 47.4, 53.5, 56.4, 57.0, 58.3, 61.9, 62.7, 66.0, 66.1, 68.4, 69.3, 69.4, 69.7, 69.8, 70.1, 70.20, 70.23, 70.7, 70.8, 71.1, 71.9, 72.5, 73.0, 98.9, 101.1, 106.2, 111.6, 114.7, 115.7, 118.3, 131.5, 136.5, 145.6, 156.9, 165.6, 165.8, 166.7, 167.2, 169.5, 169.6, 170.2, 170.4, 170.8; ESI-MS obsd 717.1884, calcd 717.1888 [(M+2H)²⁺, M=C₅₈H₈₂Br₂N₈O₂₂S].

4-({1-[(1R,8S,9s)-Bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-yl]-3-oxo-2,7,10-trioxa-4-azadodecan-12-yl)amino}-6-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)4-(3-sulfopropyl)piperazin-1-yl])-2-{10-[β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,6-dibromo-1H-indol-5-yl]-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadec-1-yl}-1,3,5-triazine (41). K₂CO₃ (0.3 mg, 2 μmol) was added to a solution of 40 in MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (25:6, 310 μL) at room temperature. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was passed through diol-functionalized silica [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (2:1) as an eluent]. The eluent was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a white solid (12.5 mg, 98%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD, mixture of rotamers) δ 0.85-0.97 (m, 2H), 1.28-1.41 (m, 1H), 1.50-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.99 (m, 2H), 2.07-2.29 (m, 8H), 2.79-2.91 (m, 2H), 3.24-3.33 (m, 2H), 3.37-4.25 (m, 44H), 4.42-4.61 (m, 2H), 4.78 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD, mixture of rotamers) δ 18.7, 19.0, 21.4, 21.9, 22.0, 25.5, 30.2, 37.9, 38.0, 41.5, 41.7, 48.3, 49.5, 54.8, 55.1, 57.6, 57.7, 59.3, 59.46, 59.52, 62.56, 62.62, 63.7, 67.2, 67.3, 70.6, 70.7, 71.0, 71.1, 71.3, 71.4, 71.50, 71.55, 71.85, 71.88, 73.8, 75.3, 78.2, 78.30, 78.32, 99.6, 105.1, 105.2, 107.7, 112.4, 116.2, 132.9, 139.0, 146.8, 159.2, 166.9, 167.2, 168.2, 168.6, 171.8, 172.2; ESI-MS obsd 633.1670, calcd 633.1677 [(M+2H)²⁺, M=C₅₀H₇₄Br₂N₈O₁₈S].

4,4′,6,6′-Tetrabromo-5,5′-bis[1-hydroxy-3,6,9-trioxanon-9-yl]indigo (43). Samples of 33 (4.98 mg, 8.28 μmol) in DMF (414 μL), β-glucosidase in water (10 units/mL, 828 μL), and acetate buffer (pH 5.0, 7038 μL) were mixed at room temperature. The reaction mixture was incubated at 37° C. under air for 22 h and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (20 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Preparative thin layer chromatography [silica, 0.25 mm, CHCl₃/MeOH (12:1)] afforded an indigo-blue solid (2.4 mg, 66%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃/CD₃OD=9:1) δ 3.60-3.66 (m, 4H), 3.69-3.76 (m, 8H), 3.79-3.84 (m, 4H), 3.94-4.00 (m, 4H), 4.16-4.21 (m, 4H), 7.31 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃/CD₃OD=9:1) δ 61.6, 70.2, 70.4, 70.9, 72.78, 72.79, 115.3, 116.0, 118.1, 122.3, 127.4, 147.9, 149.6, 185.7; ESI-MS obsd 870.8692, calcd 870.8707 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₂₈H₃₀Br₄N₂O₁₀]. To measure the molar absorption coefficient, the title compound (1.6 mg) was dissolved in CHCl₃/MeOH (2:1, 2.93 mL). Then an aliquot (64.0 μL) was withdrawn from this solution and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in DMF/H₂O (2:1, 1000 μL) to prepare a 40 μM solution. The absorption spectrum was recorded at room temperature: ε_(631 nm)=2.6×10⁴ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹.

2,4-Bis{10-[1-acetyl-3-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,6-dibromo-1H-indol-5-yl]-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadec-1-yl]}-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine (44). Pempidine (38.1 μL, 0.21 mmol) was added to a mixture of cyanuric chloride (11.1 mg, 0.060 mmol), 32 (102.6 mg, 0.13 mmol), and powdered molecular sieves 4 Å (12.0 mg) in 1,2-dichloroethane (120 μL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated to 60° C. for 13 h, cooled to room temperature, and passed through a silica pad (ethyl acetate as an eluent). The eluent was concentrated under reduced pressure. Preparative thin layer chromatography [silica, 1.0 mm, 20×20 cm, hexanes/acetone (6:4)] afforded a white solid (55.7 mg, 53%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.04 (s, 6H), 2.07 (s, 6H), 2.091 (s, 6H), 2.093 (s, 6H), 2.60 (s, 6H), 3.70-3.73 (m, 4H), 3.73-3.82 (m, 4H), 3.83-3.94 (m, 6H), 3.94-3.97 (m, 4H), 4.13-4.23 (m, 6H), 4.38 (dd, J=1.5, 12.3 Hz, 2H), 4.55-4.62 (m, 4H), 5.05, (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 5.17-5.23 (m, 2H), 5.30 (dd, J=9.3, 9.3 Hz, 2H), 5.34-5.41 (m, 2H), 7.25 (s, 2H), 8.68 (br s, 2H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 20.7, 20.9, 21.1, 23.8, 62.0, 68.4, 68.5, 68.9, 70.3, 70.9, 71.0, 72.6, 72.7, 100.3, 107.7, 112.2, 116.3, 120.3, 123.1, 131.0, 140.5, 149.8, 167.9, 169.4, 169.5, 170.3, 170.6, 172.5, 172.7; ESI-MS obsd 1730.0752, calcd 1730.0757 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₆₃H₇₂Br₄ClN₅O₃₀].

2,4-Bis{10-[3-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,6-dibromo-1H-indol-5-yl]-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadec-1-yl]}-6-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-4-(3-sulfopropyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,3,5-triazine (45). i-Pr₂EtN (19.2 μL, 0.11 mmol) was added to a solution of 44 (190.8 mg, 0.11 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (5:1, 0.84 mL) at room temperature. After 4 h, 38 (46.0 mg, 0.12 mmol) in MeOH (0.70 mL) and 2,6-lutidine (25.5 μL, 0.22 mmol) was added. After 4 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with acetic acid (12.6 μL, 0.22 mmol) and concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (7:1 to 5:1)] followed by trituration with H₂O afforded a pale yellow solid (114.7 mg, 55%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.78 (br s, 2H), 1.96-2.16 (m, 26H), 2.88 (br s, 2H), 3.15 (br s, 2H), 3.23 (br s, 2H), 3.36 (br s, 2H), 3.54 (br s, 4H), 3.68-3.99 (m, 22H), 4.04 (br s, 4H), 4.16-4.52 (m, 9H), 4.89 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.16 (dd, J=9.4, 9.4 Hz, 2H), 5.22-5.33 (m, 4H), 7.13 (s, 2H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 9.96 (s, 1H), 9.99 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 17.9, 20.7, 20.9, 21.2, 24.6, 37.0, 47.4, 56.4, 56.8, 58.0, 58.2, 61.9, 67.0, 68.4, 69.2, 70.2, 70.6, 70.7, 71.1, 71.8, 72.4, 73.0, 101.2, 0106.2, 111.6, 114.9, 115.7, 118.3, 131.4, 136.5, 145.5, 166.4, 169.6, 169.6, 170.2, 170.8, 171.6; ESI-MS obsd 1876.2076, calcd 1876.2079 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₆₉H₈₉Br₄N₇O₃₂S].

2,4-Bis{10-[3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,6-dibromo-1H-indol-5-yl]-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadec-1-yl]}-6-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-4-(3-sulfopropyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,3,5-triazine (46). K₂CO₃ (0.6 mg, 4 μmol) was added to a solution of 45 (39.3 mg, 0.020 mmol) in MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (5:1, 600 μL) at room temperature. After 15 min, H₂O (50 μL) was added. After 2 h, H₂O (150 μL) and K₂CO₃ (2.2 mg, 16 μmol) were added. After 1 h, reverse phase silica (320 mg) was added. The mixture was dried under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography [reverse phase silica, H₂O to MeOH/H₂O (4:1)] afforded a pale yellow solid (23.9 mg, 77%): ¹H NMR [700 MHz, (CD₃)₂SO] δ 1.78-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.93-2.02 (m, 2H), 2.47-2.56 (m, 2H), 3.15 (t, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 3.22-3.36 (m, 6H), 3.38-3.55 (m, 11H), 3.55-3.69 (m, 11H), 3.69-3.78 (m, 6H), 3.78-3.86 (m, 4H), 3.93-4.05 (m, 6H), 4.05-4.15 (m, 2H), 4.36-4.45 (m, 4H), 4.56-4.64 (m, 2H), 4.65 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.78 (br s, 1H), 4.95-5.14 (m, 6H), 7.23 (s, 2H), 7.55 (s, 2H), 10.92 (s, 2H); ¹³C NMR [175 MHz, (CD₃)₂SO] δ 17.7, 24.1, 36.8, 47.3, 56.9, 57.6, 60.9, 66.4, 68.4, 69.4, 69.8, 69.9, 70.0, 72.4, 73.5, 76.8, 77.2, 99.5, 103.3, 106.1, 110.4, 113.3, 114.9, 117.9, 131.0, 137.4, 144.8, 166.4, 171.5; ESI-MS obsd 770.5642, calcd 770.5653 [(M+2H)²⁺, M=C₅₃H₇₃Br₄N₇O₂₄S].

Procedure for ε determination for unsubstituted indigo. Indigo (13.1 mg, 50 μmol) was dissolved in DMF (200 mL) to prepare a 250 μM solution. An aliquot (320 μL) was withdrawn from the solution and diluted with DMF/H₂O (1680:1000, 2680 μL) to prepare a 40.0 μM solution. The absorption spectrum was recorded at room temperature. The averages of two runs were calculated.

Procedure for c determination for 43. Indigo 43 (1.6 mg, 1.8 μmol) was dissolved in CHCl₃/MeOH (2:1, 2.93 mL). An aliquot (64.0 μL) was withdrawn from the solution and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in DMF/H₂O (2:1, 1000 μL) to prepare a 40 μM solution. The absorption spectrum was recorded at room temperature. ε_(631 nm)=2.6×10⁴ M⁻¹ cm⁻¹.

Procedures for Indigogenic Reactions in Table 1

General methods. β-Glucosidase from almonds (lyophilized powder, >2 units/mg solid) and peroxidase from horseradish were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. O-Glucosidase from Agrobacterium sp. (recombinant, suspension in 3.2 M (NH₄)₂SO₄) was purchased from Megazyme; the concentration in solution was determined by absorption spectroscopy with E^(0.1%)32 2.20 cm⁻¹ at 280 nm.³⁷ Tritosomes were purchased from XenoTech. Rat liver homogenate was purchased from MP Biomedicals.

Reactions with β-glucosidase from almonds. An indoxyl compound in DMF (5 μL, 20 mM) and β-glucosidase from almonds in H₂O (10 μL, 10 units/mL) were mixed with acetate buffer (85 μL, 50 mM, pH 5.0). The reaction mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 16-19 h and then allowed to cool to room temperature. DMF (300 μL for the reactions of 15, 16, 1, 19, 22, and 25; or 900 μL for the reactions of 42, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, and 31, respectively) was added to dissolve any indigoid precipitate. The resulting solution was analyzed by absorption spectroscopy.

Reactions with β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium. An indoxyl compound in DMF (2 μL, 5 mM) and β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium in 10 mM phosphate buffer [2 μL, 10 μM, pH 7.0, containing 50 mM NaCl and 0.6 M (NH₄)₂SO₄] were mixed with 50 mM phosphate buffer (96 μL, pH 7.0). The reaction mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 2 h and then centrifuged for 3 min. Any precipitate was separated from the supernatant and dissolved in DMF (200 μL). The resulting solution was analyzed by absorption spectroscopy. The experiment was repeated three times.

Reactions in rat liver homogenate. An indoxyl compound in DMF (5 μL, 20 mM) was mixed with rat liver homogenate (95 μL). The reaction mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 24 h. After allowing to cool to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with DMF (900 μL). The mixture was heated at 70° C. for 2 min and then centrifuged for 2 min. The supernatant was separated from any precipitate. This extraction procedure was repeated two or three times with DMF (100-500 μL). The combined supernatant (1500-1800 μL) was analyzed by absorption spectroscopy.

Reaction of 33 with β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium in rat liver homogenate. A DMF solution of 33 (2 μL, 5 mM) and β-glucosidase from Agrobacterium in 10 mM phosphate buffer [2 μL, 10 μM, pH 7.0, containing 50 mM NaCl and 0.6 M (NH₄)₂SO₄] were mixed with rat liver homogenate (96 μL). The reaction mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 4 h and then centrifuged for 3 min. Any precipitate was separated from the supernatant and then suspended in DMF (200 μL). The suspension was centrifuged for 3 min. The supernatant was analyzed by absorption spectroscopy.

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Example 2

Treatment of an indoxyl β-glucoside with β-glucosidase affords the free indoxyl in situ, which dimerizes to the corresponding indigo. An indoxyl has been examined that bears 4,6-dibromo groups for efficient indigo formation and a linker at the 5-position for further derivatization. Although only β-glucosidase was employed, other enzymes can trigger the cross-linking if the indoxyl bears an appropriate ligand instead of the β-glucoside. We herein describe indoxyl β-glucuronides as the chromogenic cross-linking agents triggered by the enzyme β-glucuronidase. β-Glucuronide was selected as the enzymatically cleavable moiety for the indoxyl for the following reasons: (1) β-glucuronide and β-glucoside are structurally (and thus synthetically) related, (2) 5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl β-glucuronide has been successfully used for histochemistry,^(Pear,Kie) (3) the carboxy group in β-glucuronide is expected to afford higher solubility in aqueous solution compared to that of the β-glucoside, and (4) β-glucuronidase is an important target enzyme in cancer therapy.^(Gra,Tra)

1. Conversion of an indoxyl β-glucoside to the corresponding indoxyl β-glucuronide.

Methyl α-glucoside or phenyl β-glucoside is known to be converted into the corresponding glucuronide by selective oxidation of the primary hydroxy group at the 6-position with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy free radical (TEMPO) and a co-oxidizing agent such as PhI(OAc)₂ or t-BuOCl.^(Lu,Mel) Therefore, direct conversion of indoxyl β-glucosides into the corresponding indoxyl β-glucuronides was investigated. Oxidation of indoxyl β-glucosides with TEMPO/PhI(OAc)₂ in the presence of a free indole nitrogen or a free hydroxy group at the indole 5-position was unsuccessful (see the Appendix), which prompted conversion of 1 with use of protecting groups (Scheme 10). The acetyl group of the primary hydroxy group in 1 was selectively deprotected with [t-BuSnOH(Cl)]₂ in MeOH to afford 2 in 61% yield.^(Ori) The phenolic hydroxy group in 2 was protected with t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) group to give 3 in 65% yield. Subsequently, the primary hydroxy group in 3 was oxidized with TEMPO/PhI(OAc)₂. After methylation of the resulting carboxylate and deprotection of the TBS group, protected indoxyl β-glucuronide 4 was obtained in 33% yield from 3. Introduction of (1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-yl (BCN) group for copper-free click chemistry via the Mitsunobu reaction followed by removal of the acetyl groups afforded 5 in 44% yield. As the BCN group did not survive under the oxidation conditions with TEMPO/PhI(OAc)₂ (see the Appendix), this group was introduced after the oxidation. Hydrolysis of methyl ester 5 gave BCN-indoxyl β-glucuronide sodium salt 6 in 86% yield. Although the conversion of 1 to 6 was achieved, the overall yield (˜5%) was unsatisfactory.

2. Direct synthesis of indoxyl β-glucuronides. In an alternative route, a solution of 7 in toluene/nitromethane was treated with methyl acetobromo-α-D-glucuronate (8) in the presence of HgBr₂, HgO and molecular sieves 4 Å at 40° C. to give 9 in 52% yield (Scheme 11). Debenzylation of 9 was then carried out in tetrahydrofuran/CH₂Cl₂/ethanol containing Pd/C under an atmosphere of H₂ to give 10 following recrystallization in 75% yield. Even though the starting material 9 was the pure β-isomer, a small amount of α-10 (2-3% on the basis of ¹H NMR spectroscopy) was obtained after deprotection. This epimer byproduct was readily removed by recrystallization of the mixture in hexanes/CH₂Cl₂. The solution of 10 (in CH₂Cl₂) was then treated with NBS (in CH₂Cl₂) at −78° C. to give 10 in 64% yield. Following the similar procedure as the previous synthetic route (Scheme 10), the BCN group was introduced via a Mitsunobu reaction to afford 11 in 69% yield. Removal of the acetyl groups and hydrolysis of the methyl ester were conducted (as for 6 in Scheme 10) to give the same final product 6. The overall yield of this route is around 11%, which is slightly better than that in Scheme 10.

3. Introduction of PEG tether between indoxyl and BCN group. A PEGylated chain was introduced with the aim to avoid steric hindrance for the enzymatic cleavage (Scheme 12). Compound 4 was treated with 2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl 4-nitrobenzenesulfonate and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) to give the PEGylated indoxyl 12 in 79% yield. Following the same manner for the synthesis of 6, treatment of 12 to a two-step deprotection process afforded PEG-Ind-Gin (14).

Compound 12 also was treated with 4-nitrophenyl carbonochloridate in the presence of pyridine to give the activated carbonate 15 in 97% yield (Scheme 13). Subsequent reaction with the commercially available building block 16 in the presence of DIPEA gave compound 17. A similar procedure of deprotection was then conducted to give the desired product BCN-PEG-Ind-Gin (19).

4. Installation of a self-immolative spacer between indoxyl and glucuronide. Based on a well-established strategy in the design of many prodrugs, several potential structures were proposed as shown in Chart 1. We here proposed general synthetic routes (shown in Scheme 14), where solid lines represent reported reactions and dashed lines are unknown steps. A more specific route toward to the targets with a shorter spacer is shown in Scheme 15. Due to the deprotection step of the benzyl group, the amino group is accessible via the reductive condition.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

General methods. ¹H NMR (700 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (175 MHz) spectra were collected at room temperature in CDCl₃ unless noted otherwise. Chemical shifts for ¹H NMR spectra are reported in parts per million (6) relative to tetramethylsilane (or by use of the solvent signal for CD₃OD, δ=3.31 ppm). Chemical shifts for ¹³C NMR spectra are reported in parts per million (6), and spectra were calibrated by using solvent signals [CDCl₃, δ=77.16 ppm; (CD₃)₂SO, δ=39.52 ppm; CD₃OD, δ=49.00 ppm]. Silica gel (40 μm) was used for column chromatography. Preparative TLC separations were carried out on Merck analytical plates precoated with silica gel 60 F₂₅₄. All solvents were reagent grade and were used as received unless noted otherwise. Commercial compounds were used as received.

1-Acetyl-4,6-dibromo-5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (2)

Following a general procedure^(Ori) with slight modification, dichlorotetrakis(1,1-dimethylethyl)di-μ-hydroxyditin^(Dri) (6.8 mg, 0.012 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-acetyl-4,6-dibromo-5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (81.5 mg, 0.12 mmol) in MeOH/CHCl₃ (0.80 mL, 5:3) at room temperature. After 12 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and passed through silica gel (ethyl acetate as eluent). The eluent was concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica gel, hexanes/acetone (2:1)] followed by trituration with hexanes/acetone afforded a white solid (46.7 mg, 61%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 2.00 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 3.65 (dd, J=6.9, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (dd, J=1.5, 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.90-3.97 (m, 1H), 5.08 (dd, J=9.5, 9.7 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (dd, J=8.3, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (dd, J=9.0, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 20.57, 20.58, 21.0, 23.6, 61.9, 70.3, 72.5, 74.6, 76.3, 100.8, 101.4, 110.9, 112.9, 120.8, 123.9, 129.6, 141.8, 148.9, 170.4, 171.2, 171.3, 171.7; ESI-MS obsd 659.9532, calcd 659.9530 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₂₂H₂₃Br₂NO₁₁].

1-Acetyl-4,6-dibromo-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (3)

Et₃N (14.9 μL, 0.107 mmol) was added to a suspension of 1-acetyl-4,6-dibromo-5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (34.1 mg, 0.0535 mmol) and tert-butylchlorodimethylsilane (16.1 mg, 0.107 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (535 μL) at room temperature. After 18 h, 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid (16.4 μL, 0.214 mmol), pyridine (4.3 μL, 0.53 mmol), and MeOH (535 μL) were added. After 5 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and passed through silica gel (ethyl acetate as eluent). The eluent was concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica gel, hexanes/ethyl acetate (2:3)] afforded a white solid (26.3 mg, 65%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.35 (s, 3H), 0.36 (s, 3H), 1.05 (s, 9H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.67 (br s, 1H), 3.71-3.85 (m, 3H), 4.99 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (dd, J=9.3, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (dd, J=8.6, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (dd, J=8.6, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 8.57 (br s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 19.2, 20.8, 21.0, 23.7, 26.4, 29.8, 61.5, 68.8, 70.9, 72.8, 75.1, 100.7, 104.6, 111.0, 114.5, 120.5, 123.0, 129.2, 141.0, 147.1, 168.0, 169.7, 170.1, 170.4; ESI-MS obsd 750.0581, calcd 750.0575 [(M+H)⁺, M=C₂₈H₃₇Br₂NO₁₁Si].

1-Acetyl-4,6-dibromo-5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (4, Route A)

Following a reported procedure^(Lu) with modification, (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (26.4 mg, 0.082 mmol) was added to a suspension of 1-acetyl-4,6-dibromo-5-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (28.0 mg, 0.037 mmol), 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (1.7 mg, 0.011 mmol), and NaHCO₃ (3.1 mg, 0.037 mmol) in MeCN/H₂O (3:1, 273 μL) at room temperature. After 3 h, NaHCO₃ (6.2 mg, 0.074 mmol) was added. After 2 h, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (1.2 mg, 0.0077 mmol) was added. After 1.5 h, (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (12.0 mg, 0.037 mmol) was added. After 30 min, NaHCO₃ (15.7 mg, 0.19 mmol) and dimethyl sulfate (28.3 μL, 0.30 mmol) were added. After 4 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and passed through silica gel (ethyl acetate as eluent). The eluent was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in THF (317 μL). AcOH (4.3 μL, 0.075 mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (1.0 M in THF, 56 μL, 0.056 mmol) were added at room temperature. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and passed through silica gel (ethyl acetate as eluent). The eluent was concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [silica gel, hexanes/acetone (3:2)] afforded a pale brown solid (8.2 mg, 33%): mp 202-204° C.; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 4.26 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 5.28-5.48 (m, 3H), 6.00 (br s, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 8.67 (br s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 20.7, 20.8, 21.0, 23.7, 53.3, 68.9, 70.7, 72.0, 72.6, 98.4, 100.3, 108.6, 112.3, 120.1, 122.6, 128.7, 139.9, 146.3, 167.0, 168.0, 169.3, 169.5, 170.2; ESI-MS obsd 685.9469, calcd 685.9479 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₂₃H₂₃Br₂NO₁₂].

5-{[(1R,8S,9s)-Bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-yl]methoxy}-4,6-dibromo-1H-indole-3-yl β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (5, Route A)

Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (3.5 μL, 0.018 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-acetyl-4,6-dibromo-5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (7.0 mg, 0.11 mmol), (1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-ylmethanol (1.9 mg, 0.013 mmol), and PPh₃ (4.7 mg, 0.018 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (105 μL) at room temperature. After 3 h, MeOH (420 μL) and K₂CO₃ (1.5 mg) were added. After 1.5 h, the reaction mixture was passed through silica gel [CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (2:1) as eluent]. The eluent was concentrated under reduced pressure. Preparative thin layer chromatography [silica gel, 0.25 mm, CHCl₃/MeOH (10:1)] afforded a white solid (2.9 mg, 44%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 0.98-1.09 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.80 (m, 3H), 2.13-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.23-2.38 (m, 4H), 3.49 (dd, J=8.8, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (dd, J=8.0, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (dd, J=9.4, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.96 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.83 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 20.2, 21.7, 22.0, 30.6, 52.9, 72.8, 73.0, 75.0, 76.8, 77.3, 99.6, 105.3, 107.9, 112.6, 115.4, 116.0, 120.1, 132.9, 138.5, 147.0, 171.1; ESI-MS obsd 650.0000, calcd 649.9996 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₂5H₂₇Br₂NO₈].

Sodium 5-{[(1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-yl]methoxy}-4,6-dibromo-1H-indole-3-yl β-D-glucopyranosiduronate (6, Route A)

Aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mM, 46 μL) was added to a solution of 5-(((1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-yl)methoxy)-4,6-dibromo-1H-indole-3-yl β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (2.9 mg, 0.0046 mmol) in MeOH (184 μL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. for 13 h and then 60° C. for 23 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a white solid (2.5 mg, 86%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 0.98-1.08 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.80 (m, 3H), 2.13-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.22-2.36 (m, 4H), 3.51 (dd, J=8.8, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (dd, J=9.2, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (dd, J=8.1, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.73 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H); ¹³C NMR (175 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 20.1, 21.7, 22.0, 30.6, 72.8, 73.7, 75.1, 76.6, 77.9, 99.6, 105.2, 107.8, 112.3, 115.9, 116.2, 120.0, 132.8, 138.7, 146.8, 176.6; ESI-MS obsd 635.9840, calcd 635.9839 [(M+Na)⁺, M=C₂₄H₂₅Br₂NO₈].

1-Acetyl-5-(benzyl)oxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (9)

Activated molecular sieves 4 Å (250 mg), 1-acetyl-5-(benzyloxy)indolin-3-one (7) (28 mg, 0.10 mmol), acetobromo-α-D-glucuronic acid methyl ester (8) (124 mg, 0.31 mmol) and HgO (34 mg, 0.16 mmol) were placed in a flask and treated with toluene/MeNO₂ (4:1, 1.0 mL). The orange suspension was then treated with HgBr₂ (7.0 mg, 19 μmol), heated to 40° C. and stirred for 5.5 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of pyridine (200 μL) and filtered through a silica pad (2 cm×2 cm, acetone). The filtrate was concentrated to give a crude mixture. Column chromatography [silica gel, hexanes/acetone (7:3)] followed by recrystallization in hexanes/CH₂Cl₂ afforded a white solid (31 mg, 52%): mp 189-191° C.; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.31 (b, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.35-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.15 (b, 1H), 7.07-7.01 (m, 2H), 5.40-5.31 (m, 3H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 5.08 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 170.1, 169.4, 169.2, 168.0, 166.8, 155.6, 141.1, 137.0, 128.6, 128.0, 127.6, 124.7, 117.7, 115.7, 110.6, 101.5, 100.8, 72.7, 71.8, 71.0, 70.5, 69.0, 53.1, 23.7, 20.7, 20.6, 20.5.

1-Acetyl-5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucuronic acid methyl ester (10)

A suspension of 9 (170 mg, 0.28 mmol) and Pd/C (10 wt %, 30 mg, 28 μmol) in THF/CH₂Cl₂/EtOH (5:4:1, 11 mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of H₂ (1 atm) for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a silica pad (2 cm×2 cm, acetone). The filtrate was concentrated and recrystallized (hexanes/CH₂Cl₂) to afford a white solid (106 mg, 75%): mp 200-202° C.; ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.24 (b, 1H), 7.10 (b, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J=8.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.13 (s, 1H), 5.41-5.32 (m, 3H), 5.09-5.05 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.19 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 170.4, 169.7, 169.5 168.3, 167.1, 152.8, 141.1, 128.4, 125.1, 117.8, 115.2, 110.8, 103.0, 100.8, 72.7, 71.9, 71.0, 69.1, 53.3, 23.7, 20.79, 20.75, 20.6.

1-Acetyl-4,6-dibromo-5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (4, Route B)

A solution of NBS (156 mg, 0.88 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10.0 mL) was added dropwise over 30 min to a solution of 10 (215 mg, 0.42 mmol) and 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (92 μL, 0.42 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (6.0 mL) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rom temperature, stirred for 2.5 h, and quenched by the addition of 10% aqueous Na₂S₂O₃. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. Column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂ with 1% to 4% acetone) afforded a white solid (242 mg, 87%): the characterization data (¹H NMR) were consistent with the product from route A.

1-Acetyl-5-{[(1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-yl]methoxy}-4,6-dibromo-5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (11)

Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (13 μL, 63 μmol) was added to a solution containing 4 (34 mg, 51 μmol), (1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-ylmethanol (9.3 mg, 62 μmol), and PPh₃ (17 mg, 65 μmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.51 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h and then quenched by the addition of H₂O. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated. Column chromatography (silica, hexanes with 0% to 4% acetone) afforded a white solid (28 mg, 69%): ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 5.47-5.31 (m, 3H), 5.14 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.37-2.28 (m, 4H), 2.28-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 1.79-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.06 (dd, J=11.4, 8.5 Hz, 2H).

5-{[(1R,8S,9s)-Bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-yl]methoxy}-4,6-dibromo-1H-indole-3-yl β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (5, Route B)

A suspension of 11 (28 mg, 35 μmol) and K₂CO₃ (4.8 mg, 35 μmol) in CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (1:4, 1.8 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h and then quenched by the addition of acetic acid (7.0 μL, 0.12 mmol). The crude mixture was filtered through a silica pad (2 cm×2 cm, methanol). The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (9:1)] to afford a pale-yellow solid (14 mg, 64%): the characterization data (¹H NMR) were consistent with the product from route A.

Sodium 5-{[(1R,8S,9s)-bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yn-9-yl]methoxy}-4,6-dibromo-1H-indole-3-yl β-D-glucopyranosiduronate (6, Route B)

A solution of 5 (14 mg, 22 μmol) in MeOH (0.88 mL) was treated with aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mM, 0.22 mL) at room temperature and stirred at 60° C. for 32 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then concentrated. The residue was washed with hexanes (3.0 mL×3) and CH₂Cl₂ (3.0 mL×3) to give the title compound as a pale-brown solid (13 mg, 93%): the characterization data (¹H NMR) were consistent with the product from route A.

N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA, 64 μL, 0.37 mmol) was added to a solution containing 4 (122 mg, 0.18 mmol) and 2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl 4-nitrobenzenesulfonate (100 mg, 0.30 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.0 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 36 h and then concentrated. Column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂ with 0% to 70% ethyl acetate) afforded a white amorphous non-crystalline solid (116 mg, 79%): ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.71 (s, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 5.47-5.37 (m, 2H), 5.34 (t, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.22-4.16 (m, 2H), 4.00-3.94 (m, 2H), 3.84-3.78 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.77-3.70 (m, 4H), 3.67-3.60 (m, 2H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 170.1, 169.3, 169.2, 167.9, 166.8, 149.7 140.1, 131.0, 123.0, 120.3, 116.2, 112.4, 107.5, 100.2, 72.53, 72.50, 72.4, 71.9, 70.9, 70.61, 70.5, 70.2, 68.8, 61.8, 53.1, 23.7, 20.9, 20.64, 20.55].

A suspension of 12 (15 mg, 19 μmol) and K₂CO₃ (2.7 mg, 19 μmol) in CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (1:4, 0.95 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 40 min and then quenched by the addition of acetic acid (3.0 μL, 52 μmol). The crude mixture was filtered through a silica pad (2 cm×2 cm, methanol). The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (9:1)] to afford a pale-yellow amorphous solid (10 mg, 84%): ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 4.82 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.98-3.91 (m, 3H), 3.81-3.75 (m, 5H), 3.70-3.63 (m, 5H), 3.61-3.55 (m, 3H), 3.48 (t, J=9.1 Hz, 1H).

A solution of 13 (10 mg, 16 μmol) in MeOH (0.64 mL) was treated with aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mM, 0.16 mL) at room temperature and then stirred at 60° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then concentrated. Column chromatography [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4:1 to 1:4)] afforded a white solid (8.8 mg, 86%): ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 4.72 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.82-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.71-3.64 (m, 5H), 3.61-3.53 (m, 4H), 3.50 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 175.2, 145.3, 137.4, 131.6, 118.6, 114.8, 114.6, 110.6, 106.2, 103.7, 76.5, 75.2, 73.7, 72.32, 72.27, 72.2, 70.3, 70.1, 69.9, 60.8.

A suspension of 12 (60 mg, 75 μmol), 4-nitrophenyl carbonochloridate (24 mg, 119 μmol), and activated molecular sieves 4 Å (150 mg) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (3.0 mL) was treated with pyridine (12 μL, 150 μmol) and stirred at room temperature for 6 h. The crude mixture was filtered through a silica pad (2 cm×2 cm, ethyl acetate). The filtrate was concentrated and chromatographed (silica, CH₂Cl₂ with 0% to 20% ethyl acetate) to afford a white amorphous non-crystalline solid (70 mg, 97%); ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.26-8.20 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 5.47-5.31 (m, 3H), 5.13 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.48-4.43 (m, 2H), 4.27 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.23-4.14 (m, 2H), 4.00-3.94 (m, 2H), 3.88-3.83 (m, 3H), 3.85-3.80 (m, 3H), 3.80-3.74 (m, 6H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 6H).

A solution of 13 (5.4 mg, 5.6 μmol) and 16 (3.8 mg, 12 μmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (0.50 mL) was treated with DIPEA (2.0 μL, 11 μmol) and stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The crude mixture was concentrated and chromatographed (silica, CH₂Cl₂ to ethyl acetate) to afford a pale-yellow amorphous solid (5.6 mg, 87%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 5.45-5.38 (m, 2H), 5.36-5.30 (m, 2H), 5.14 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.25-4.21 (m, 2H), 4.19-4.13 (m, 4H), 3.96 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.81-3.76 (m, 5H), 3.74-3.68 (m, 4H), 3.61-3.59 (m, 4H), 3.58-3.54 (m, 4H), 3.41-3.36 (m, 4H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.32-2.18 (m, 6H), 2.10 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 1.60-1.56 (m, 2H), 0.94 (t, J=9.8 Hz, 2H).

A suspension of 17 (5.6 mg, 4.9 μmol) and K₂CO₃ (1.3 mg, 9.4 μmol) in MeOH (1.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then quenched by the addition of acetic acid (2.0 μL, 34 μmol). The crude mixture was concentrated and chromatographed [silica, CHCl₃/MeOH (9:1)] to afford a pale-yellow amorphous solid (3.4 mg, 71%): ¹H NMR (700 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 4.85 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.21-4.11 (m, 6H), 3.98 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.81-3.76 (m, 5H), 3.74-3.66 (m, 5H), 3.62-3.57 (m, 5H), 3.55-3.49 (m, 6H), 3.32-3.27 (m, 4H), 2.27-2.13 (m, 6H), 1.64-1.51 (m, 2H), 0.96-0.85 (m, 2H).

A solution of 18 (3.4 mg, 3.5 μmol) in MeOH (0.25 mL) was treated with aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mM, 50 μL) at room temperature and then stirred at 60° C. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then concentrated. Column chromatography [silica, CH₂Cl₂/MeOH (4:1 to 1:4)] afforded a white solid (2.8 mg, 81%).

APPENDIX

Attempted reactions toward indoxyl β-glucuronides are shown in Scheme 16.

REFERENCES

-   (Pea) Pearson, B.; Standen, A. C.; Esterly, J. R. Histochemical     β-Glucuronidase Distribution in Mammalian Tissue as Detected by     5-Bromo-4-Chloroindol-3-yl-β-D-glucopyruroniside. Lab. Investig.     1967, 17, 217-224. -   (Kie) Kiernan, J. A. Indigogenic Substrates for Detection and     Localization of Enzymes. Biotech. Histochem. 2007, 82, 73-103. -   (Gra) Graaf, M.; Boven, E.; Scheeren, H.; Haisma, H.; Pinedo, H.     Beta-Glucuronidase-Mediated Drug Release. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2002, 8,     1391-1403. -   (Tra) Tranoy-Opalinski, I.; Legigan, T.; Barat, R.; Clarhaut, J.;     Thomas, M.; Renoux, B.; Papot, S. β-Glucuronidase-Responsive     Prodrugs for Selective Cancer Chemotherapy: An Update. Eur. J. Med.     Chem. 2014, 74, 302-313. -   (Ori) Orita, A.; Hamada, Y.; Nakano, T.; Toyoshima, S.; Otera, J.     Highly Efficient Deacetylation by Use of the Neutral Organotin     Catalyst [tBu₂SnOH(Cl)]₂ . Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7, 3321-3327. -   (Dri) Driguez, P.-A.     Dichlorotetrakis(1,1-Dimethylethyl)Di-μ-Hydroxyditin. In     Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis; John Wiley & Sons,     Ltd: Chichester, UK, 2012; pp 1-3. -   (Lu) Lu, H.; Drelich, A.; Omri, M.; Pezron, I.; Wadouachi, A.;     Pourceau, G. Catalytic Synthesis of a New Series of Alkyl Uronates     and Evaluation of Their Physicochemical Properties. Molecules 2016,     21, 1301. -   (Mel) Melvin, F.; McNeill, A.; Henderson, P. J. F.; Herbert, R. B.     The Improved Synthesis of β-D-Glucuronides Using TEMPO and t-Butyl     Hypochlorite. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 1201-1202.

Example 3

Enzymatic studies of β-glucuronidase enzymes from E. coli and bovine liver have been reported by Antunes, I. F., et al. “Synthesis and Evaluation of [18F]-FEAnGA as a PET Tracer for β-Glucuronidase Activity,” Bioconjug. Chem. 2010, 21, 911-920. Compounds of the present invention can be tested with a β-glucuronidase enzyme from E. coli or bovine liver. Both enzymes are readily available for studies. Enzymatic cleavage of a glucuronide releases a nitrophenol, the absorption of which is readily detected by absorption spectroscopy.

Example 4

A compound, tetrakis(indoxyl)amylose (FIG. 12), including four glucose units as the protecting groups, four 4,6-dibromoindoxyls as the cross-linking groups, a three-arm PEG and two triazines as the core molecular junction, and an amylose for binding iodine was prepared. The compound numbers referred to in this example are specific for the compounds described in this example and do not refer to those in another example, unless indicated otherwise.

Synthesis of tetrakis(indoxyl)amylose started with the synthesis of a monochlorotriazine bearing two cross-linking units 4 as shown in Scheme 17.

A solution of commercially available cyanuric chloride (2) in 1,2-dichloroethane was treated with 3 in the presence of pempidine (Fujita, H., et al., New J. Chem. 2020, 44, 719-743) and powdered molecular sieves 4 Å at 60° C. to give chlorotriazine 4 in 63% yield (Scheme 17).

Derivatization of the reducing terminus of amylose is established (Noga, M., et al., J. Control. Release 2012, 159, 92-103; Rachmawati, R., et al., Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2015, 216, 1091-1102). A sample of amylose (5) was dissolved in 1 M NaOH, and then treated with 1 M HCl to generate neutral solution. After addition of 100 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0) (Schatz, C., et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2009, 48, 2572-2575), the solution was treated with propargylamine and NaBH₃CN to obtain reductively aminated amylose 6 in 71% yield (Scheme 18).

The two anomeric proton peaks of 5 were not present in the ¹H NMR spectrum of 6, which indicated that the reductive amination was successful since the doublet of the amylose anomeric protons (alpha and beta forms) is lost upon reductive amination.

The commercially available NH-bis(PEG₃-Boc) (7) was treated with bromo-PEG₅-azide (8) in the presence of Et₃N to obtain the Boc-protected three-arm PEG core 9 in 31% yield (Scheme 19). After deprotection of the Boc groups of 9 with 4 M hydrogen chloride in dioxane, the resulting diamine was treated with 4 in the presence of DIEA to provide fully protected tetrakis(indoxyl-glycosides) 10 in 31% yield.

Deprotection of all acetyl groups of 10 by Et₃N afforded free tetrakis(indoxyl-glycosides) 11 in quantitative yield (Scheme 20).

Finally, alkyne amylose 6 was conjugated to the tetrakis(indoxyl-glycosides) 11 via click chemistry to obtain tetrakis(indoxyl)amylose 1 (Scheme 21).

General methods. ¹H NMR (600 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (150 MHz) spectra were collected at room temperature in CDCl₃ unless noted otherwise. Chemical shifts for ¹H NMR spectra are reported in parts per million (δ) relative to tetramethylsilane. Chemical shifts for ¹³C NMR spectra are reported in parts per million (δ), and spectra were calibrated by using tetramethylsilane signal. Silica (40 μm) was used for column chromatography. All solvents were reagent grade and were used as received unless noted otherwise. CHCl₃ was stabilized with EtOH. Commercial compounds were used as received unless noted otherwise. Cyanuric chloride was recrystallized from CH₂Cl₂ and hexanes before use. Known compound (3) (Fujita, H., et al., New J. Chem. 2020, 44, 719-743) was prepared generally following procedure described in the literature.

Synthesis of 2,4-Bis{10-[[1-acetyl-3-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,6-dibromo-1H-indol-5-yl]-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadec-1-yl]}-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine (4). Following a previously reported procedure (Fujita, H., et al., New J. Chem. 2020, 44, 719-743) with some modifications, a sample of pempidine (95.0 μL, 525 μmol, 3.5 equiv) was added to a mixture of cyanuric chloride (2, 27.7 mg, 150 μmol, 1.0 equiv), 3 (256 mg, 315 μmol, 2.1 equiv), and powdered molecular sieves 4 Å (40 mg) in 1,2-dichloroethane (0.50 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 17 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the resulting yellow oil was purified by column chromatography (silica, CH₂Cl₂:acetone=90:10 to 85:15) to obtain a pale yellow foam (163 mg, 94.0 μmol, 63%): ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.66 (br s, 2H), 7.25 (s, 2H), 5.40-5.34 (m, 2H), 5.33-5.27 (m, 2H), 5.20 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 2H), 5.05 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.61-4.54 (m, 4H), 4.38 (dd, J=2.2, 12.4 Hz, 2H) 4.24-4.11 (m, 6H), 3.95 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 4H), 3.92-3.84 (m, 6H), 3.81-3.77 (m, 4H), 3.76-3.71 (m, 4H), 2.60 (s, 6H), 2.09 (s, 12H), 2.07 (s, 6H), 2.05 (s, 6H); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.6, 172.0, 170.5, 170.2, 169.4, 169.2, 167.8, 149.7, 140.3, 130.9, 123.0, 120.2, 116.2, 112.0, 107.5, 100.2, 72.6, 72.5, 70.9, 70.7, 70.2, 69.5, 68.7, 68.4, 68.2, 61.9, 23.7, 20.9, 20.8, 20.6.

Synthesis of alkyne amylose (6). Following a previously reported reductive amination procedure (Schatz, C., et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2009, 48, 2572-2575) with some modifications, a sample of amylose (5, 12000-16000 g/mol, 86 AGU, 350 mg, 25.0 μmol amylose, 1.0 equiv) was dissolved in 1 M NaOH (1.5 mL), and then treated with an equivalent amount of acid, 1 M HCl (1.5 mL) to generate neutral solution. After addition of 100 mM acetate buffer (pH 5.0, 6.0 mL), the solution was treated with propargylamine (160 μL, 2.50 mmol, 100 equiv) and NaBH₃CN (39.3 mg, 625 μmol, 25 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 4 days with a daily addition of 25 equiv of NaBH₃CN. The solution was directly purified by dialysis (Spectra/Por3, Standard RC, Mw cut off=3,500) against deionized water (1.0 L) at room temperature for 5 days. Deionized water was exchanged 4 times per a day. Resulting solution was lyophilized to obtain a white cotton-like solid (248 mg, 17.7 μmol amylose, 71%).

Synthesis of Di-tert-butyl (12-(17-azido-3,6,9,12,15-pentaoxaheptadecyl)-3,6,9,15,18,21-hexaoxa-12-azatricosane-1,23-diyl)dicarbamate (9). A solution of 7 (114 mg, 200 μmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.50 mL) was treated with 8 (88.8 mg, 240 μmol, 1.2 equiv) and Et₃N (61.3 μL, 440 μmol, 2.2 equiv) at 4° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 4° C. to room temperature for 19 h. The reaction mixture was heated at 40° C. and stirred for 46 h. After evaporation of the solvent, 10% aqueous citric acid (2.0 mL) was added. The aqueous solution was washed with ethyl acetate (1.0 mL×3). A sample of NaHCO₃ was added to the water layer to generate neutral solution, and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate (2.0 mL×3). The organic layers were combined and washed with brine (5.0 mL×2). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After removal of Na₂SO₄ by filtration, the solution was concentrated in vacuo. The residual yellow oil was purified by column chromatography (silica, CHCl₃ (containing approx. 0.75% EtOH as preservative):MeOH=93:7) to obtain a pale yellow oil (52.7 mg, 61.5 μmol, 31%): ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.07 (br, 2H), 3.70-3.57 (m, 34H), 3.57-3.50 (m, 10H), 3.39 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.35-3.25 (m, 4H), 2.79 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 6H), 1.44 (s, 18H); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 156.0, 79.1, 70.7, 70.6, 70.5, 70.4, 70.2, 70.0, 69.8, 54.6, 54.5, 50.7, 40.4, 28.4.

Synthesis of fully protected tetrakis(indoxyl-glycosides) (10). A solution of 9 (28.6 mg, 29.5 μmol, 1.0 equiv) in 4 M hydrogen chloride in dioxane (1.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solution was concentrated and dried under reduced pressure. A solution of the resulting oil (21.7 mg, 29.5 μmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.0 mL) was treated with 4 (102 mg, 59.0 μmol, 2.0 equiv) and DIEA (15.4 μL, 88.5 μmol, 3.0 equiv), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. After quenching by addition of AcOH (1.69 μL, 29.5 μmol, 1.0 equiv), the solution was concentrated in vacuo. The residual yellow oil was purified by column chromatography (silica, CHCl₃ (containing approx. 0.75% EtOH as preservative):MeOH:CH₃CN=74:6:20 and CHCl₃ (containing approx. 0.75% EtOH as preservative):MeOH:CH₃CN=70:10:20) to obtain a colorless oil (36.6 mg, 9.03 μmol, 31%): ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.66 (br s, 4H), 7.25 (s, 4H), 5.98 (br, 2H), 5.41-5.33 (m, 4H), 5.33-5.26 (m, 4H), 5.20 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 4H), 5.06 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 4.49 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 4H), 4.45 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 4H), 4.38 (dd, J=2.2, 12.4 Hz, 4H), 4.25-4.10 (m, 12H), 4.05-3.42 (m, 96H), 3.38 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (s, 12H), 2.09 (s, 24H), 2.07 (s, 12H), 2.04 (s, 12H); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.0, 171.5, 170.5, 170.2, 169.4, 169.3, 168.0, 167.8, 149.7, 140.4, 130.9, 123.0, 120.2, 116.2, 112.1, 107.6, 100.2, 72.6, 72.5, 70.8, 70.7, 70.6, 70.4, 70.1, 70.0, 69.6, 69.2, 69.1, 68.2, 66.6, 66.5, 61.9, 54.6, 54.5, 50.7, 40.8, 29.7, 23.7, 21.0, 20.8, 20.6; ESI-MS obsd 1349.87384, calcd 1349.87774 [(M+3H)³⁺, M=C₁₅₄H₂₀₂Br₈N₁₆O₇₁].

Synthesis of deacetylated tetrakis(indoxyl-glycosides) (11). A sample of Et₃N (0.347 mL, 2.49 mmol, 1000 equiv) was added to a solution of 10 (10.1 mg, 2.49 μmol, 1.0 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/H₂O (2:2:1, 1.0 mL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 25 h. After addition of Et₃N (0.174 mL, 12.5 mmol, 500 equiv), the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3.5 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was washed with CH₃CN (2.0 mL×3) to obtain a pale yellow solid (9.20 mg, 2.49 μmol, 100%): ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃: CD₃OD=1:1) δ 7.48 (s, 4H), 7.17 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 4H), 4.72 (dd, J=0.7, 7.7 Hz, 4H), 4.49 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 4H), 4.45 (t, J=4.7 Hz, 4H), 4.14 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 8H), 4.00-3.89 (m, 16H), 3.89-3.70 (m, 30H), 3.70-3.38 (m, 74H); ¹³C NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃: CD₃OD=1:1) δ 172.1, 171.6, 168.0, 145.9, 137.7, 131.8, 118.8, 115.5, 114.5, 114.4, 111.8, 106.8, 104.4, 104.3, 76.9, 76.6, 74.2, 72.8, 71.0, 70.8, 70.7, 70.6, 70.5, 70.3, 69.8, 69.5, 69.4, 69.3, 67.0, 66.8, 62.0, 54.4, 52.8, 50.9, 46.2, 41.0; ESI-MS obsd 1069.80731, calcd 1069.80364 [(M+3H)³⁺, M=C₁₁₄H₁₆₂Br₈N₁₆O₅₁].

Synthesis of tetrakis(indoxyl)amylose (1). A sample of 6 (22.0 mg, 1.83 μmol, 1.0 equiv) was dissolved in DMSO (0.50 mL) at 40° C., and the solution was added to the solution of 11 (7.03 mg, 2.19 μmol, 1.2 equiv), CuSO₄.5H₂O (0.457 mg, 1.83 μmol, 1.0 equiv), and sodium ascorbate (0.725 mg, 3.66 μmol, 2.0 equiv) in H₂O (60 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 25 h. After addition of CuSO₄.5H₂O (0.457 mg, 1.83 μmol, 1.0 equiv) and sodium ascorbate (0.725 mg, 3.66 μmol, 2.0 equiv) in H₂O (60 μL), and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20.5 h. The solution was concentrated in vacuo, and the product was precipitated by CH₂Cl₂: MeOH (1:1, 10 mL). The green and white solid was collected by filtration, and dried under reduced pressure. The collected solid was dissolved in H₂O (1.0 mL) and purified by dialysis (Spectra/Por3, Standard RC, Mw cut off=3,500) against deionized water (1.0 L) at room temperature for 2 days. Deionized water was exchanged 4 times per a day. Resulting solution was lyophilized to obtain a white cotton-like solid (19.5 mg).

The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention, and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein. 

That which is claimed is:
 1. A compound comprising: a polyiodide binding matrix; a protecting group attached to the polyiodide binding matrix optionally via a linker; and optionally a cross-linking moiety attached to the polyiodide binding matrix.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the polyiodide binding matrix comprises a polysaccharide (e.g., a linear polysaccharide), optionally a modified polysaccharide.
 3. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein the polyiodide binding matrix comprises a helical structure, optionally wherein the helical structure has a mass per helical turn from about 900 Da to about 1,200 Da.
 4. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the polyiodide binding matrix comprises at least 5, 10, 25, 50, or 75 helical turns.
 5. The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the polyiodide binding matrix has a loading capacity of about 1 iodide atom per helical turn, optionally wherein the polyiodide binding matrix has a loading capacity of from about 5 or 10 iodide atoms to about 25, 50, or 75 iodide atoms.
 6. The compound of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the polyiodide binding matrix has an average molecular weight from about 5,000 or 10,000 Da to about 25,000, 50,000, or 100,000 Da.
 7. The compound of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the polyiodide binding matrix comprises amylose.
 8. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein at least one unit (e.g., an anhydroglucose unit) of the polyiodide binding matrix comprises the protecting group.
 9. The compound of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the protecting group and optional cross-linking moiety are each attached to the polyiodide binding matrix via the linker.
 10. The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the compound comprises the cross-linking moiety and the protecting group and cross-linking moiety are each attached to the polyiodide binding matrix via the linker, optionally wherein the protecting group and cross-linking moiety are attached to a terminus (e.g., reducing end or non-reducing end) of the polyiodide binding matrix via the linker.
 11. The compound of any one of claims 1-10, wherein at least one unit (e.g., an anhydroglucose unit) of the polyiodide binding matrix comprises at least one moiety having a structure of -L1-X-L2-PG, wherein L1 is the linker, X is the cross-linking moiety, L2 is absent or a second linker, and PG is the protecting group, optionally wherein the at least one moiety having the structure -L1-X-L2-PG is present at a 2-hydroxy group of the at least one unit (e.g., to provide a —O-L1-X-L2-PG group).
 12. The compound of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the linker is covalently bound to a terminus (e.g., reducing end or non-reducing end) of the polyiodide binding matrix and the linker is covalently bound to at least one moiety having a structure of —X-L2-PG, wherein X is the cross-linking moiety, L2 is absent or a second linker, and PG is the protecting group.
 13. The compound of claim 12, wherein at least one unit (e.g., an anhydroglucose unit) of the polyiodide binding matrix comprises at least one moiety having a structure of —X-L2-PG, wherein X is the cross-linking moiety, L2 is absent or a second linker, and PG is the protecting group, optionally wherein the at least one moiety having the structure —X-L2-PG is present at a 2-hydroxy group of the at least one unit (e.g., to provide a —O—X-L2-PG group).
 14. The compound of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the linker is multivalent.
 15. The compound of claim 14, wherein the linker comprises two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more) moieties having a structure of —X-L2-PG, wherein X is the cross-linking moiety, L2 is absent or a second linker, and PG is the protecting group.
 16. The compound of any one of claims 1-15, further comprising a targeting agent (e.g., cancer targeting agent such as transferrin), optionally wherein the targeting agent is present at a terminus of the polyiodide binding matrix.
 17. The compound of any one of claims 1-16, further comprising a circulation enhancing agent (e.g., human serum albumin, a polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), etc.), optionally wherein the circulation enhancing agent is present at a terminus of the polyiodide binding matrix.
 18. The compound of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the protecting group is a glucuronide.
 19. The compound of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the protecting group is a glucoside.
 20. The compound of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the cross-linking moiety is an indoxyl.
 21. The compound of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the linker is selected from an alkyl, PEG, and/or alkylaryl.
 22. The compound of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the polyiodide binding matrix comprises at least one unit having a structure of Formula Ia or Formula Ib:

wherein: R¹⁰ is O or CRR (e.g., CH₂); and R is each independently selected from: —H, —OH, alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, carboxy, amino, —O-PG, —O-L1-PG, —O-L1-X-PG, —O—X-L1-PG, and —O-L1-X-L2-PG; L1 and L2 are each independently a linker (e.g., a polymer such as PEG or a self-immolative linker) (e.g., a polymer such as PEG): X is the cross-linking moiety; and PG is the protecting group.
 23. The compound of claim 22, wherein the polyiodide binding matrix comprises 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 to about 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, or 20,000 of the at least one units.
 24. The compound of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the polyiodide binding matrix comprises a unit having a structure of Formula Ia′ or Formula Ib′:

wherein: R, L, X, and PG are each as defined above, optionally wherein the unit is present at a terminus (e.g., the non-reducing terminus) of the polyiodide binding matrix.
 25. The compound of claim 24, wherein R is an alkyl, alkoxy, or acyloxy.
 26. The compound of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula IIa or Formula IIb:

wherein: Z is the polyiodide binding matrix (e.g., amylose); L is a linker (e.g., a hydrocarbon or polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) each of which may be unsubstituted or substituted); X¹ is absent or is —O— or —S—; Q is absent or is each independently a targeting agent, water-solubilizing agent, or a circulation enhancing agent; each R¹ is independently selected from a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —OH, alkoxy, acyloxy, carboxy, carboxylic ester, boronate ester, thioalkoxy, and amino; each R² is independently —CH₂OH or —C(O)OH; each X² is independently —O—, —S—, or a self-immolative linker; each n is independently an integer of 1 to 4; p is an integer of 1 to 6; and b is an integer of 0 to 6; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 27. The compound of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the linker has the structure:

wherein: A is a linking moiety (e.g., a nitrogen atom, an aryl, or a heteroaryl); each r is independently an integer of 0 to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, or
 100. 28. The compound of any one of claims 1-27, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula III:

wherein: A is a linking moiety (e.g., a nitrogen atom, an aryl, or a heteroaryl); each R³ is independently hydrogen, the polyiodide binding matrix, a moiety having a structure of Formula IIa′, a moiety having a structure of Formula IIb′, a targeting agent, or a circulation enhancing agent,

each r is independently an integer of 0 to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, or 100; and X¹, X², R¹, R², and n are each as defined above.
 29. The compound of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula IV:

wherein: A is a linking moiety (e.g., a nitrogen atom, an aryl, or a heteroaryl); R⁶ is a hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, —OH, carboxy, amino, -PG, -L1-PG, -L1-X-PG, —X-L1-PG, and —O-L1-X-L2-PG, wherein L1 and L2 are each, independently a linker (e.g., a polymer such as PEG or a self-immolative linker), X is a cross-linking moiety, and PG is a protecting group; R⁴ is a moiety having a structure of Formula Ia or Formula Ib:

R¹⁰ is O or CRR (e.g., CH₂); each R is independently selected from: —H, —OH, alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy, carboxy, amino, —O-PG, —O-L3-PG, —O-L3-X-PG, —O—X-L3-PG, and —O-L3-X-L2-PG, wherein L3 and L2 are each independently absent or a linker as described herein, X is a crosslinking moiety as described herein, and PG is a protecting group as described herein; each R⁵ is independently hydrogen, a moiety having a structure of Formula IIa′, a moiety having a structure of Formula IIb′, a targeting agent, or a circulation enhancing agent,

each R¹ is independently selected from a halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, —OH, alkoxy, acyloxy, carboxy, carboxylic ester, boronate ester, thioalkoxy, and amino; each R² is independently —CH₂OH or —C(O)OH; X¹ is absent or is —O— or —S—; each X² is independently —O—, —S—, or a self-immolative linker; each n is independently an integer of 1 to 4; each r is independently an integer of 0 to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, or 100; and d is an integer of 1 to 20,000.
 30. A method of treating a subject having a solid tumor and/or reducing the size of a solid tumor in a subject, the method comprising: administering a compound comprising a polyiodide binding matrix to the subject; and administering a radionuclide to the subject, thereby treating the subject having the solid tumor and/or reducing the size the solid tumor in the subject.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the method administers a radionuclide (e.g., ¹³¹I) to the solid tumor at a concentration of at least 20 nM, 50 nM, or 100 nM.
 32. The method of claim 30 or 31, wherein the compound is intravenously administered to the subject.
 33. The method of any one of claims 30-32, wherein the radionuclide is orally and/or intravenously administered to the subject.
 34. The method of any one of claims 30-33, wherein the compound and the radionuclide are administered in succession and the compound is administered prior to the radionuclide.
 35. The method of any one of claims 30-34, wherein the compound and the radionuclide are administered concurrently, optionally in the same composition or in separate compositions.
 36. The method of any one of claims 30-35, further comprising administering an amylase inhibitor (e.g., miglitol) to the subject.
 37. The method of any one of claims 30-36, wherein the compound is a compound of any one of claims 1-29. 